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<h1 id=3D"firstHeading" class=3D"firstHeading" lang=3D"en">Boot Time</h1> =
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ass=3D"toctitle" lang=3D"en" dir=3D"ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class=3D"to=
ctoggle"> [<a role=3D"button" tabindex=3D"0" class=3D"togglelink">hide=
</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Introduction"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1</span> <span class=3D"toctext"=
>Introduction</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Glossary"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class=3D"toctext">G=
lossary</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Community"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">=
Community</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Mailing_list"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class=3D"toct=
ext">Mailing list</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Online_Resources"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class=3D"=
toctext">Online Resources</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Repositories.2C_recipes_or_distributions"><span class=3D"tocnumber">1.2.=
3</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Repositories, recipes or distributions</sp=
an></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Inititives"><span class=3D"tocnumber">2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">I=
nititives</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#Measuring_Boot-up_Time"><span class=3D"tocnumber">3</span> <span class=
=3D"toctext">Measuring Boot-up Time</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Ti=
me#timestampers"><span class=3D"tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class=3D"toctex=
t">timestampers</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#user-space.3F"><span class=3D"tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class=3D"toct=
ext">user-space?</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#obsolete_material"><span class=3D"tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class=3D"=
toctext">obsolete material</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Technologies_and_Techniques_for_Reducing_Boot_Time"><span class=3D"tocn=
umber">4</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Technologies and Techniques for Red=
ucing Boot Time</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Bootloader_speedups"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class=
=3D"toctext">Bootloader speedups</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Kernel_speedups"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class=3D"to=
ctext">Kernel speedups</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Fixed_or_obsolete"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class=
=3D"toctext">Fixed or obsolete</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#File_System_issues"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class=
=3D"toctext">File System issues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#User-space_and_application_speedups"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.3</spa=
n> <span class=3D"toctext">User-space and application speedups</span></a></=
li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Suspend_related_improvements"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.4</span> <spa=
n class=3D"toctext">Suspend related improvements</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Miscellaneous_topics"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class=
=3D"toctext">Miscellaneous topics</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Uninvestigated_speedups"><span class=3D"tocnumber">4.6</span> <span cla=
ss=3D"toctext">Uninvestigated speedups</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Articles_and_Presentations"><span class=3D"tocnumber">5</span> <span cl=
ass=3D"toctext">Articles and Presentations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Case_Studies"><span class=3D"tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class=3D"tocte=
xt">Case Studies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Additional_Projects.2FMailing_Lists.2FResources"><span class=3D"tocnumb=
er">6</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Additional Projects/Mailing Lists/Reso=
urces</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Replacements_for_SysV_.27init.27"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.1</span> =
<span class=3D"toctext">Replacements for SysV 'init'</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#busybox_init"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class=3D"toc=
text">busybox init</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Android_init"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class=3D"toc=
text">Android init</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#systemd"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class=3D"toctext"=
>systemd</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Kexec"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Kex=
ec</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Splash_Screen_projects"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.3</span> <span clas=
s=3D"toctext">Splash Screen projects</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Others"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Ot=
hers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class=3D"toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Apparently_obsolete_or_abandoned_material"><span class=3D"tocnumber">6.=
4.1</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Apparently obsolete or abandoned materia=
l</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Companies.2C_individuals_or_projects_working_on_fast_booting"><span cla=
ss=3D"tocnumber">7</span> <span class=3D"toctext">Companies, individuals or=
projects working on fast booting</span></a></li>
<li class=3D"toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime#Boot_time_check_list"><span class=3D"tocnumber">8</span> <span class=3D=
"toctext">Boot time check list</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Introduction">Introduction</span></h2=
>
<p>Boot Time includes topics such as measurement, analysis, human factors, =
initialization techniques, and reduction techniques.
The time that a product takes to boot directly impacts the first perception=
an end user has of the product.
Regardless of how attractive or well designed a consumer electronic device =
is, the time required to move the device from off to an interactive, usable=
state is critical to obtaining a positive end user experience. Turning on=
a device is Use Case #1.
</p><p>Booting up a device involves numerous steps and sequences of events.=
In order to use consistent terminology, the
<a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Working_Group" title=3D"Bootup Ti=
me Working Group">Bootup Time Working Group</a> of the CE Linux Forum came =
up with a list of terms and their widely accepted definitions
for this functionality area. See the following page for these terms:
</p>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Glossary">Glossary</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot-up_Time_Definition_Of_Terms" tit=
le=3D"Boot-up Time Definition Of Terms">Boot-up Time Definition Of Terms</a=
></li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Community">Community</span></h3>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Mailing_list">Mailing list</span></h4=
>
<p>Based on discussions at Linux Plumbers Conference 2024, we have decided =
to use the 'linux-embedded@vger.kernel.org' mailing list
for communications.
</p><p>To subscribe or unsubscribe, see this page:
<a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"https://subspace.kernel=
.org/vger.kernel.org.html">https://subspace.kernel.org/vger.kernel.org.html=
</a>
</p><p><i>Note: don't send email to the list itself to subscribe or unsubsc=
ribe. Click on the 'sub' or 'unsub' buttons</i>
on the web page, or follow the instructions here: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=
=3D"external free" href=3D"https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html">ht=
tps://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html</a><i></i>
</p><p>To see archives of activity, see here:
<a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"https://lore.kernel.org=
/linux-embedded/">https://lore.kernel.org/linux-embedded/</a>
</p>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Online_Resources">Online Resources</s=
pan></h4>
<p>For now, we will gather information about instrumentation, tools, patche=
s, and tests here on the elinux wiki.
One of our projects will likely be to reorganize the material here to chara=
cterize active areas of work,
deprecate old material, and coordinate research and patch upstreaming.
</p>
<h4><span id=3D"Repositories,_recipes_or_distributions"></span><span class=
=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Repositories.2C_recipes_or_distributions">Repositori=
es, recipes or distributions</span></h4>
<p>I think it would be nice to collect some of the tools and resources, and=
put
them into a yocto layer or a set of recipe files. This is an outstanding p=
roject
(for which there is nothing to see here at the moment).
</p>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Inititives">Inititives</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_Time_Project_Ideas" title=3D"Boo=
t Time Project Ideas">Boot Time Project Ideas</a> has a list of planned pro=
ject, research, activities and patches for Linux kernel boot-time reduction=
.</li></ul>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Measuring_Boot-up_Time">Measuring Boo=
t-up Time</span></h2>
<ul><li>"cat /proc/uptime" at first chance</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Printk_Times" title=3D"Printk Times">Prin=
tk Times</a> - simple system for showing timing information for each printk=
.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootchart" title=3D"Bootchart">Bootchart<=
/a> - a tool for performance analysis and visualization of the Linux boot p=
rocess. Resource utilization and process information are collected during =
the user-space portion of the boot process and are later rendered in a PNG,=
SVG or EPS encoded chart.</li>
<li>bootgraph - a tool to show graphs of the boot process, based on dmesg o=
r ftrace data</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Initcall_Debug" title=3D"Initcall Debug">=
Initcall Debug</a> - a kernel command line option to show time taken for in=
itcalls.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Ftrace" title=3D"Ftrace">Ftrace</a> - in-=
kernel tracing system</li>
<li>See also: <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Kernel_Instrumentation" title=
=3D"Kernel Instrumentation">Kernel Instrumentation</a> which lists some kno=
wn kernel instrumentation tools. These are of interest for measuring kerne=
l startup time.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Systemd-analyze" title=3D"Systemd-analyze=
">systemd-analyze</a> - systemd feature to analyze startup time of the kern=
el and services</li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"timestampers">timestampers</span></h3=
>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Tims_Fastboot_Tools#grabserial" title=
=3D"Tims Fastboot Tools"> grabserial</a> - a nice utility from Tim Bird to =
log and timestamp console output</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"https://git.kernel.=
org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wsa/snippets.git/plain/scripts/ninja-ts">ninja=
-ts</a> - wsa's TimeStamper: A small filter prepending timestamps to STDOUT=
; a bit similar to grabserial but not limited to serial ports</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Show_Delta" title=3D"Show Delta">Show_Del=
ta</a> - tool to show durations from printk times data (or other timestampe=
d data)</li></ul>
<h3><span id=3D"user-space?"></span><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"user-=
space.3F">user-space?</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://oprofile=
.sourceforge.net/news/">Oprofile</a> - system-wide profiler for Linux.</li>=
</ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"obsolete_material">obsolete material<=
/span></h3>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Tims_Fastboot_Tools#Tim.27s_quick_and=
_dirty_process_trace" title=3D"Tims Fastboot Tools">process trace</a> - a s=
imple patch from Tim Bird to log exec, fork and exit system calls.
<ul><li>use ftrace instead</li></ul></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Kernel_Function_Trace" title=3D"Kernel Fu=
nction Trace">Kernel Function Trace</a> - system for reporting function tim=
ings in the kernel.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Linux_Trace_Toolkit" title=3D"Linux Trace=
Toolkit">Linux Trace Toolkit</a> - system for reporting timing data for ce=
rtain kernel and process events.</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://people.redha=
t.com/berrange/systemtap/bootprobe/">Bootprobe</a> - a set of <a href=3D"ht=
tps://elinux.org/System_Tap" title=3D"System Tap">System Tap</a> scripts fo=
r analyzing system bootup.
<ul><li>System Tap is being replaced by ebpf and ftrace</li></ul></li></ul>
<p><br>
</p>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Technologies_and_Techniques_for_Reduc=
ing_Boot_Time">Technologies and Techniques for Reducing Boot Time</span></h=
2>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Bootloader_speedups">Bootloader speed=
ups</span></h3>
<p><i>This sections needs review and updating.</i>
</p>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Kernel_XIP" title=3D"Kernel XIP">Kern=
el XIP</a> - Allow kernel to be executed in-place in ROM or FLASH.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/DMA_Copy_Of_Kernel_On_Startup" title=3D"D=
MA Copy Of Kernel On Startup">DMA Copy Of Kernel On Startup</a> - Copy kern=
el from Flash to RAM using DMA</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Uncompressed_kernel" title=3D"Uncompresse=
d kernel">Uncompressed kernel</a> - An uncompressed kernel might boot faste=
r</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Fast_Kernel_Decompression" title=3D"Fast =
Kernel Decompression">Fast Kernel Decompression</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Kernel_speedups">Kernel speedups</spa=
n></h3>
<p><i>As of October 2024, this section needs review and updating. Some of =
these still apply and some don't.</i>
</p>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Disable_Console" title=3D"Disable Con=
sole">Disable Console</a> - Avoid overhead of console output during system =
startup.</li>
<li>Disable bug and printk - Avoid the overhead of bug and printk. Disadvan=
tage is that you lose a lot of info.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Short_IDE_Delays" title=3D"Short IDE =
Delays">Short IDE Delays</a> - Reduce duration of IDE startup delays (this =
is effective but possibly dangerous).</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Hardcode_kernel_module_info" title=3D"Har=
dcode kernel module info">Hardcode kernel module info</a> - Reduce the over=
head of loading a module, by hardcoding some information used for loading t=
he relocation information</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/IDE_No_Probe" title=3D"IDE No Probe">IDE =
No Probe</a> - Force kernel to observe the ide<x>=3Dnoprobe option.</=
li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Preset_LPJ" title=3D"Preset LPJ">Preset L=
PJ</a> - Allow the use of a preset loops_per_jiffy value.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Asynchronous_function_calls" title=3D"Asy=
nchronous function calls">Asynchronous function calls</a> - Allow probing o=
r other functions to proceed in parallel, to overlap time-consuming boot-up=
activities.
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Threaded_Device_Probing" title=3D"Thr=
eaded Device Probing">Threaded Device Probing</a> - Allow drivers to probe =
devices in parallel. (not mainlined, now deprecated?)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Reordering_of_driver_initialization" titl=
e=3D"Reordering of driver initialization">Reordering of driver initializati=
on</a> - Allow driver bus probing to start as soon as possible.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Deferred_Initcalls" title=3D"Deferred Ini=
tcalls">Deferred Initcalls</a> - defer non-essential module initialization =
routines to after primary boot</li>
<li>NAND ECC improvement - The pre 2.6.28 nand_ecc.c has room for improveme=
nt. You can find an improved version in the mtd git at <a rel=3D"nofollow" =
class=3D"external free" href=3D"http://git.infradead.org/mtd-2.6.git?a=3Dbl=
ob_plain;f=3Ddrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c;hb=3DHEAD">http://git.infradead.or=
g/mtd-2.6.git?a=3Dblob_plain;f=3Ddrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c;hb=3DHEAD</a>.=
Documentation for this is in <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" h=
ref=3D"http://git.infradead.org/mtd-2.6.git?a=3Dblob_plain;f=3DDocumentatio=
n/mtd/nand_ecc.txt;hb=3DHEAD">http://git.infradead.org/mtd-2.6.git?a=3Dblob=
_plain;f=3DDocumentation/mtd/nand_ecc.txt;hb=3DHEAD</a>. This is only inter=
esting if your system uses software ECC correction.</li>
<li>Check what kernel memory allocator you use. Slob or slub might be bette=
r than slab (which is the default in older kernels)</li>
<li>If your system does not need it, you can remove SYSFS and even PROCFS f=
rom the kernel. In one test removing sysfs saved 20 ms.</li>
<li>Carefully investigate all kernel configuration options on whether they =
are applicable or not. Even if you select an option that is not used in the=
end, it contributes to the kernel size and therefore to the kernel load ti=
me (assuming you are not doing kernel XIP). Often this will require some tr=
ial and measure! E.g. selecting CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE (found under ge=
neral setup) gave in one case a boot improvement of 20 ms. Not dramatic, bu=
t when reducing boot time every penny counts!</li>
<li>Moving to a different compiler version might lead to shorter and/or fas=
ter code. Most often newer compilers produce better code. You might also wa=
nt to play with compiler options to see what works best.</li>
<li>If you use initramfs in your kernel and a compressed kernel it is bette=
r to have an uncompressed initramfs image. This is to avoid having to uncom=
press data twice. A patch for this has been submitted to LKML. See <a rel=
=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/11/=
22/112">http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/11/22/112</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Fixed_or_obsolete">Fixed or obsolete<=
/span></h4>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/RTC_No_Sync" title=3D"RTC No Sync">RT=
C No Sync</a> - Avoid delay to synchronize system time with RTC clock edge =
on startup. (fixed in mainline)</li></ul>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"File_System_issues">File System issue=
s</span></h4>
<p>Different file systems have different initialization (mounting) times, f=
or the same data sets. This
is a function of whether meta-data must be read from storage into RAM or no=
t, and what algorithms are
used during the mount procedure.
</p>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Filesystem_Information" title=3D"File=
system Information">Filesystem Information</a> - has information about boot=
-up times of various file systems</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/File_Systems" title=3D"File Systems">File=
Systems</a> - has information on various file systems that are interesting=
for embedded systems. Also includes some improvement suggestions.</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Avoid_Initramfs" title=3D"Avoid Initramfs=
">Avoid Initramfs</a> - explains on why initramfs should be avoided if you =
want to minimize boot time</li>
<li>Split partitions. If mounting a file system takes long, you can conside=
r splitting that filesystem in two parts, one with the info that is needed =
during or immediately after boot, and one which can be mounted later on.</l=
i>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Ramdisks_demasked" title=3D"Ramdisks dema=
sked">Ramdisks demasked</a> - explains why using a ram disk generally resul=
ts in a longer boot time, not a shorter one.</li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"User-space_and_application_speedups">=
User-space and application speedups</span></h3>
<p><i>As of October 2024, this section needs review and updating.</i>
</p>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Optimize_RC_Scripts" title=3D"Optimiz=
e RC Scripts">Optimize RC Scripts</a> - Reduce overhead of running RC scrip=
ts</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Parallel_RC_Scripts" title=3D"Parallel RC=
Scripts">Parallel RC Scripts</a> - Run RC scripts in parallel instead of s=
equentially</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Application_XIP" title=3D"Application XIP=
">Application XIP</a> - Allow programs and libraries to be executed in-plac=
e in ROM or FLASH</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Pre_Linking" title=3D"Pre Linking">Pre Li=
nking</a> - Avoid cost of runtime linking on first program load</li>
<li>Statically link applications. This avoids the costs of runtime linking.=
Useful if you have only a few applications. In that case it could also red=
uce the size of your image as no dynamic libraries are needed</li>
<li>GNU_HASH: ~ 50% speed improvement in dynamic linking
<ul><li>See <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"http://sour=
ceware.org/ml/binutils/2006-06/msg00418.html">http://sourceware.org/ml/binu=
tils/2006-06/msg00418.html</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Application_Init_Optimizations" title=3D"=
Application Init Optimizations">Application Init Optimizations</a> - Improv=
ements in program load and init time via:
<ul><li>use of mmap vs. read</li>
<li>control over page mapping characteristics.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Include_modules_in_kernel_image" title=3D=
"Include modules in kernel image">Include modules in kernel image</a> - Avo=
id extra overhead of module loading by adding the modules to the kernel ima=
ge</li>
<li>Speed up module loading - Use Alessio Igor Bogani's kernel patches to =
improve module loading time by "<a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text"=
href=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dlinux-embedded&m=3D130296040620175&w=
=3D2%7C">Speed up the symbols' resolution process</a>" (<a rel=3D"nofollow"=
class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dlinux-kernel&m=
=3D130296044420203&w=3D2%7C">Patch 1</a>, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"=
external text" href=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dlinux-embedded&m=3D1302960=
44420197&w=3D2%7C">Patch 2</a>, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external t=
ext" href=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dlinux-embedded&m=3D130296044420200&a=
mp;w=3D2%7C">Patch 3</a>, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=
=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dlinux-kernel&m=3D130296062420328&w=3D2%7C=
">Patch 4</a>, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://m=
arc.info/?l=3Dlinux-embedded&m=3D130445535913197&w=3D2%7C">Patch 5<=
/a>).</li>
<li>Avoid udev, it takes quite some time to populate the /dev directory. In=
an embedded system it is often known what devices are present and in any c=
ase you know what drivers are available, so you know what device entries mi=
ght be needed in /dev. These should be created statically, not dynamically.=
mknod is your friend, udev is your enemy.</li>
<li>If you still like udev and also like fast boot-up's, you might go this =
way: start your system with udev enabled and make kind of a backup of the c=
reated device nodes. Now, modify your init script like this: instead runnin=
g udev, copy the device nodes that you just made a backup of into the devic=
e tree. Now, install the hotplug-daemon like you always do. That trick avoi=
ds the device node creation at startup but stills lets your system create d=
evice nodes later on.</li>
<li>If your device has a network connection, preferably use static IP addre=
sses. Getting an address from a DHCP server takes additional time and has e=
xtra overhead associated with it.</li>
<li>Moving to a different compiler version might lead to shorter and/or fas=
ter code. Most often newer compilers produce better code. You might also wa=
nt to play with compiler options to see what works best.</li>
<li>If possible move from glibc to uClibc. This leads to smaller executable=
s and hence to faster load times.</li>
<li>library optimiser tool: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" hre=
f=3D"http://libraryopt.sourceforge.net/">http://libraryopt.sourceforge.net/=
</a> <br> This will allow you to create an optimised library. As unneeded f=
unctions are removed this should lead to a performance gain. Normally there=
will be library pages which contain unused code (adjacent to code that is =
used). After optimizing the library this does not occur any more, so less p=
ages are needed and hence less page loads, so some time can be saved.</li>
<li>Function reordering: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=
=3D"http://www.celinux.org/elc08_presentations/DDLink%20FunctionReorder%200=
8%2004.pdf">http://www.celinux.org/elc08_presentations/DDLink%20FunctionReo=
rder%2008%2004.pdf</a> <br> This is a technique to rearrange the functions=
within an executable so they appear in the order they are needed. This imp=
roves the load time of the application as all initialization code is groupe=
d into a set of pages, instead of being scattered over a number of pages.</=
li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Suspend_related_improvements">Suspend=
related improvements</span></h3>
<p>Another approach to improve boot time is to use a suspend related mechan=
ism. Two approaches are known.
</p>
<ul><li>Using the standard hibernate/resume approach. This is what has been=
demonstrated by Chan Ju, Park, from Samsung. See sheet 23 and onwards from=
this <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/images/9/98/LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DS=
C.ppt" class=3D"internal" title=3D"LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DSC.ppt">PPT</a=
> and section 2.7 of this <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=
=3D"http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v2-pages-239-248.pdf">paper</=
a>. <br> Issue with this approach is that flash write is much slower than f=
lash read, so the actual creation of the hibernate image might take quite a=
while.</li>
<li>Implementing snapshot boot. This is done by Hiroki Kaminaga from Sony a=
nd is described at <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Suspend_To_Disk_For_ARM" t=
itle=3D"Suspend To Disk For ARM">snapshot boot for ARM</a> and <a href=3D"h=
ttps://elinux.org/images/3/37/Snapshot-boot-final.pdf" class=3D"internal" t=
itle=3D"Snapshot-boot-final.pdf">Snapshot-boot-final.pdf</a><br></li></ul>
<p>This is similar to hibernate and resume, but the hibernate file is retai=
ned and used upon every boot. Disadvantage is that no writable partitions s=
hould be mounted at the time of making the snapshot. Otherwise inconsistenc=
ies will occur if a partition is modified, while applications in the hibern=
ate file might have information in the snapshot related to the unmodified p=
artition.
</p>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Miscellaneous_topics">Miscellaneous t=
opics</span></h3>
<p><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/About_Compression" title=3D"About Compress=
ion">About Compression</a> discusses the effects of compression on boot tim=
e. This can affect both the kernel boot time as well as user-space startup.
</p>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Uninvestigated_speedups">Uninvestigat=
ed speedups</span></h3>
<p>This section is a holding pen for ideas for improvement that are not imp=
lemented yet but that could result in a boot time gain. Please leave a note=
here if you are working on one of these items to avoid duplicate work.
</p>
<ul><li><b>Prepopulated buffer cache</b> - As initramfs performs an additio=
nal copy of the data the idea is to have a prepopulated buffer cache. A sim=
plistic scenario would allow dumping the buffer cache when the booting is c=
ompleted and the user applications have initialised. This data then could b=
e used in a subsequent boot to initialize the buffer cache (of course witho=
ut copying). A possible approach would be to have those data to reside into=
the kernel image and use them directly. Alternately they could be loaded s=
eparately. <br> Unfortunately my knowledge of the internals in this section=
is not yet good enough to do a trial implementation.<br> Caveats:
<ul><li>is it possible to have the buffer cache split into two different pa=
rts, one which is statically allocated, one which is dynamically allocated?=
</li>
<li>the pages in the prepopulated buffer cache probably cannot be discarded=
, so they should be pinned</li>
<li>apart from the buffer cache data itself also some other variables might=
need restoring</li>
<li>a similar approach could also be used for the cached file data.</li>
<li>This is just ureadahead - need to update this (make a page and move it =
out of the 'Uninvestigated' section</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Dedicated fs</b> - currently a lot of abstraction is done in fs =
to make a nice abstraction allowing easy addition of new filesystems and cr=
eating a unified view of those filesystem. While this is pretty neat, the a=
bstraction layers also introduce some overhead. A solution could be to crea=
te a dedicated fs system, which supports only one (or maybe 2) filesystems,=
and eliminates the abstraction overhead. This will give some benefit, but =
the chance of getting this into the mainline is zero.</li></ul>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Articles_and_Presentations">Articles =
and Presentations</span></h2>
<p>See a list of presentations from ELC at: <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/B=
oot_Time_Presentations" title=3D"Boot Time Presentations">Boot_Time_Present=
ations</a>
</p><p>FIXTHIS - need to harmonize the <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Boot_T=
ime_Presentations" title=3D"Boot Time Presentations">Boot Time Presentation=
s</a> page with the following list.
</p>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://free-ele=
ctrons.com/doc/training/boot-time/">Embedded Linux boot time reduction work=
shop materials</a>
<ul><li>By Free Electrons</li>
<li>Presentation on boot time reduction techniques - Practical labs on Atme=
l SAMA5 hardware.</li></ul></li>
<li>"Boot Time Optimizations" - (<a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text=
" href=3D"http://elinux.org/images/d/d1/Alexandre_Belloni_boottime_optimiza=
tions.pdf">Slides</a> | <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D=
"http://free-electrons.com/pub/video/2012/elce/elce-2012-belloni-boot-time-=
optimizations.webm">Video</a>)
<ul><li>Alexandre Belloni has presented at ELC Europe on Nov 6, 2012</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://free-electro=
ns.com/blog/elce-2012-videos/">Main link at Free-Electrons</a></li></ul></l=
i>
<li>"The Right Approach to Boot Time Reduction" - (<a rel=3D"nofollow" clas=
s=3D"external text" href=3D"http://elinux.org/images/f/f7/RightApproachMini=
malBootTimes.pdf">Slides</a> | <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" =
href=3D"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DULa4TPy7z0c">YouTube Video</a>)
<ul><li>Andrew Murray has presented at ELC Europe on October 28, 2010 (Free=
Electrons video <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http:/=
/free-electrons.com/pub/video/2010/elce/elce2010-murray-boot-time.webm">her=
e</a>)</li>
<li>This included a < 1 second QT cold Linux boot case study for an SH77=
24 with some additional information about 'function re-ordering' in user-sp=
ace</li>
<li>Similar slides with < 1 second case study for OMAP3530EVM can be fou=
nd <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.slideshar=
e.net/andrewmurraympc/t-iswift-boot">here</a></li></ul></li>
<li>"One Second Linux Boot Demonstration (new version)" (<a rel=3D"nofollow=
" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3D-l_DSZe8=
_F8">Youtube video by MontaVista</a>)</li>
<li>"Tools and Techniques for Reducing Bootup Time" (<a href=3D"https://eli=
nux.org/images/9/98/Tools-and-technique-for-reducing-bootup-time.ppt" class=
=3D"internal" title=3D"Tools-and-technique-for-reducing-bootup-time.ppt">PP=
T</a> | <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/images/4/40/Tools-and-technique-for-r=
educing-bootup-time.odp" class=3D"internal" title=3D"Tools-and-technique-fo=
r-reducing-bootup-time.odp">ODP</a> | <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/images/=
d/d2/Tools-and-technique-for-reducing-bootup-time.pdf" class=3D"internal" t=
itle=3D"Tools-and-technique-for-reducing-bootup-time.pdf">PDF</a> | <a rel=
=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://free-electrons.com/pub=
/video/2008/elce/elce2008-bird-reducing-bootup-time.ogv">video</a>)
<ul><li>Tim Bird has presented at ELC Europe, on November 7, 2008, his late=
st collection of tips and tricks for reducing bootup time</li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Tims_Fastboot_Tools" title=3D"Tims Fastbo=
ot Tools">Tims Fastboot Tools</a> has online materials in support of this p=
resentation</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.mvista.c=
om/download/author.php?a=3D37">Christopher Hallinan</a> has done a presenta=
tion at the MontaVista Vision conference 2008 on the topic of reducing boot=
time. Slides used to be available <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external te=
xt" href=3D"http://www.mvista.com/download/power/Reducing-boot-time-techniq=
ues-for-fast-booting.pdf">here</a> (but the link is broken now - should che=
ck if the Internet Archive has this, or ask Chris for a copy and put the sl=
ides on this wiki)</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://lwn.net/Arti=
cles/192082/">Optimizing Linker Load Times</a>
<ul><li>(introducing various kinds of bootuptime reduction, prelinking, etc=
.)</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.linuxfor=
devices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Benchmarking-boot-latency-on-x86=
/">Benchmarking boot latency on x86</a>
<ul><li>By Gilad Ben-Yossef, July 2008</li>
<li>A tutorial on using TSC register and the kernel PRINTK_TIMES feature to=
measure x86 system boot time, including BIOS, bootloader, kernel and time =
to first user program.</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://tree.celinux=
forum.org/CelfPubWiki/KoreaTechJamboree3?action=3DAttachFile&do=3Dget&a=
mp;target=3DThe_Fast_Booting_of_Embedded_Linux.pdf">Fast Booting of Embedde=
d Linux</a>
<ul><li>By HoJoon Park, Electrons and Telecommunications Research Institute=
(ETRI), Korea, Presented at the CELF <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external=
text" href=3D"http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/KoreaTechJamboree3"=
>3rd Korean Technical Jamboree</a>, July 2008</li>
<li>Explains several different reduction techniques used for different phas=
es of bootup time</li></ul></li>
<li>Tim Bird's (Sony) survey of boot-up time reduction techniques:
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://kernel.o=
rg/doc/ols/2004/ols2004v1-pages-79-88.pdf">Methods to Improve Boot-up Time =
in Linux</a> - Paper prepared for 2004 Ottawa Linux Symposium</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"https://elinux.org/=
images//8/83/Pdf.gif">https://elinux.org/images//8/83/Pdf.gif</a> <a href=
=3D"https://elinux.org/images/7/78/ReducingStartupTime_v0.8.pdf" class=3D"i=
nternal" title=3D"ReducingStartupTime v0.8.pdf">Reducing Startup Time in Em=
bedded Linux Systems</a> <span class=3D"plainlinks"><a rel=3D"nofollow" cla=
ss=3D"external text" href=3D"https://elinux.org/File:ReducingStartupTime_v0=
.8.pdf">https://elinux.org/images/d/da/Info_circle.png</a></span> - Decembe=
r 2003 Presentation describing some existing boot-up time reduction techniq=
ues and strategies.</li></ul></li>
<li>Parallelizing Linux Boot on CE Devices
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://tree.cel=
inuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/ELCEurope2007Presentations?action=3DAttachFile&am=
p;do=3Dview&target=3Dpar.pdf">PDF of Presentation</a></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://free-electro=
ns.com/pub/video/2007/elce/elce-2007-vitaly-wool-parallel-boot.ogg">Video o=
f Presentation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.ibm.com/=
developerworks/linux/library/l-boot-faster/">Parallelize Applications for F=
aster Linux Boot</a>
<ul><li>Authored by M. Tim Jones for IBM Developer Works</li>
<li>This article shows you options to increase the speed with which Linux b=
oots, including two options for parallelizing the initialization process. I=
t also shows you how to visualize graphically the performance of the boot p=
rocess.</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.slidesha=
re.net/kanru/android-boot-time-optimization">Android Boot Time Optimization=
</a>
<ul><li>Authored by Kan-Ru Chen, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text=
" href=3D"http://0xlab.org/">0xlab</a></li>
<li>This presentation covers Android boot time measurement and analysis, th=
e proposed reduction approaches, hibernation-based technologies, and potent=
ial Android user-space optimizations.</li></ul></li>
<li>Texas Instruments Embedded Processors Wiki provides the procedure to op=
timize Linux/Android boot time:
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://processo=
rs.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Optimize_Linux_Boot_Time">Optimize Linux Boot Time=
</a></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://processors.w=
iki.ti.com/index.php/Android_Boot_Time_Optimization">Android Boot Time Opti=
mization</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.slidesha=
re.net/jserv/implement-checkpointing-for-android-elce2012">Implement Checkp=
ointing for Android</a>
<ul><li>Authored by Kito Cheng and Jim Huang, <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D=
"external text" href=3D"http://0xlab.org/">0xlab</a></li>
<li>Reasons to Implement Checkpointing for Android
<ul><li>Resume to stored state for faster Android boot time</li>
<li>Better product field trial experience due to regular checkpointing</li>=
</ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Case_Studies">Case Studies</span></h3=
>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.make=
linux.com/emb/fastboot/omap">300 milliseconds from boot loader to shell on =
ARM with NAND</a></li>
<li>Samsung proof-of-acceptability study for digital still camera: see <a h=
ref=3D"https://elinux.org/images/9/98/LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DSC.ppt" cla=
ss=3D"internal" title=3D"LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DSC.ppt">Boot Up Time Red=
uction PPT</a> and the <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"=
http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v2-pages-239-248.pdf">paper</a> d=
escribing this.</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"https://docs.blackf=
in.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=3Dfast_boot_example">Boot Linux from Processor R=
eset into user space in less than 1 Second</a>
<ul><li>In this white paper, Robin Getz describes the techniques used to fa=
st-boot a blackfin development board.</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://e2e.ti.com/s=
upport/embedded/f/354/t/51158.aspx">Booting Linux dm365 Network Camera in 3=
.2 seconds</a></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://e2e.ti.com/s=
upport/dsp/davinci_digital_media_processors/f/100/p/7616/30088.aspx">Boot o=
f kernel and shell in 0.5 sec (not including u-boot and decompression)</a><=
/li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.linu=
xfordevices.com/c/a/News/Linux-boots-in-297-seconds/">Warp2, Lineo Solution=
s, 2008. 2.97 sec boot, ARM11, 400MHz</a></li></ul>
<h2><span id=3D"Additional_Projects/Mailing_Lists/Resources"></span><span c=
lass=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Additional_Projects.2FMailing_Lists.2FResources"=
>Additional Projects/Mailing Lists/Resources</span></h2>
<h3><span id=3D"Replacements_for_SysV_'init'"></span><span class=3D"mw-head=
line" id=3D"Replacements_for_SysV_.27init.27">Replacements for SysV 'init'<=
/span></h3>
<p>The traditional method of starting a Linux system is to use /sbin/init, =
which
processes the file /etc/inittab. This is an init program which processes a=
series of actions for different=20
run-levels and system events (key-combinations and power events).
</p><p>See <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://linux=
.die.net/man/8/init">the init(8) man page</a> and the <a rel=3D"nofollow" c=
lass=3D"external text" href=3D"http://linux.die.net/man/5/inittab">the init=
tab(5) man page</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"busybox_init">busybox init</span></h4=
>
<p>An 'init' applet is often included in <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Busy=
Box" title=3D"BusyBox">BusyBox</a>
</p><p>There used to be (as of 2000) some slight differences in the support=
ed features of the 'inittab' file
between busybox init and full-blown init. However, I don't know (as of 201=
0) if that's still the case.
(See <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"http://spblinux.de=
/2.0/doc/init.html">http://spblinux.de/2.0/doc/init.html</a> for some detai=
ls)
</p><p>Denys Vlasenko, one of the maintainers of busybox has suggested a re=
placement for traditional init
for that tool called runsv. See <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free"=
href=3D"http://busybox.net/~vda/init_vs_runsv.html">http://busybox.net/~vd=
a/init_vs_runsv.html</a>
</p>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Android_init">Android init</span></h4=
>
<p>Android 'init' is a custom program for booting the Android system.
</p><p>See <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Android_Booting#.27init.27" title=
=3D"Android Booting">Android 'init'</a>
</p>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"systemd">systemd</span></h4>
<p>systemd is a new project (as of May 2010) for starting daemons and servi=
ces on a Linux desktop system
</p><p>See <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"http://0poin=
ter.de/blog/projects/systemd.html">http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd=
.html</a>
</p>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Kexec">Kexec</span></h3>
<ul><li>Kexec is a system which allows a system to be <b>rebooted</b> witho=
ut going through BIOS. That is, a Linux kernel can directly boot into anoth=
er Linux kernel, without going through firmware. See the white paper at: <=
a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://developer.osdl.or=
g/andyp/kexec/whitepaper/kexec.pdf">kexec.pdf</a>
<ul><li>2004 Kernel Summit presentation: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"exter=
nal text" href=3D"http://www.xenotime.net/linux/fastboot/fastboot-ks-2004.p=
df">fastboot.pdf</a></li>
<li>here's another Kexec white paper:<a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external =
text" href=3D"http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-kexec.h=
tml?ca=3Ddgr-lnxw04">Reboot Fast</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Splash_Screen_projects">Splash Screen=
projects</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://splashy.=
alioth.debian.org/wiki/">Splashy</a> - Technology to put up a splash screen=
early in the boot sequence. This is user-space code.
<ul><li>This seems to be the most current splash screen technology, for maj=
or distributions. A framebuffer driver for the kernel is required.</li></ul=
></li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://dev.gentoo.o=
rg/~spock/projects/gensplash/">Gentoo Splashscreen</a> - newer technology t=
o put a splash screen early in the boot sequence
<ul><li>See the HOWTO at: <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=
=3D"http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_fbsplash">HOWTO FBSplash</a></li></ul></li=
>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://butterfeet.o=
rg/?p=3D8">PSplash</a> - PSplash is a userspace graphical boot splash scree=
n for mainly embedded Linux devices supporting a 16bpp or 32bpp framebuffer=
.</li>
<li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.bootspla=
sh.org/">bootsplash.org</a> - put up a splash screen early in boot sequence
<ul><li>This project requires kernel patches</li>
<li>This project is now abandoned, and work is being done on Splashy.</li><=
/ul></li></ul>
<h3><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Others">Others</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.linu=
xdevices.com/news/NS5907201615.html">FSMLabs Fastboot</a> - press release b=
y FSMLabs about fast booting of their product. Is any of this published?</l=
i></ul>
<ul><li><a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://tree.cel=
inuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/">snapshot boot</a> - a technology uses software =
resume to boot up the system quickly.</li></ul>
<h4><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Apparently_obsolete_or_abandoned_mate=
rial">Apparently obsolete or abandoned material</span></h4>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/File:Alert.gif" class=3D"image"><img =
alt=3D"Alert.gif" src=3D"https://elinux.org/images/e/e7/Alert.gif" width=3D=
"15" height=3D"15"></a> <i>in progress</i> - <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/=
Boot-up_Time_Reduction_Howto" title=3D"Boot-up Time Reduction Howto">Boot-u=
p Time Reduction Howto</a> - this is a project to catalog existing boot-up =
time reduction techniques.
<ul><li>Was originally intended to be the authoritative source for bootup t=
ime reduction information.</li>
<li>No one maintains it any more (as of Aug, 2008)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/File:Alert.gif" class=3D"image"><img alt=
=3D"Alert.gif" src=3D"https://elinux.org/images/e/e7/Alert.gif" width=3D"15=
" height=3D"15"></a><i>no content yet</i> - <a href=3D"https://elinux.org/B=
oot-up_Time_Delay_Taxonomy" title=3D"Boot-up Time Delay Taxonomy">Boot-up T=
ime Delay Taxonomy</a> - list of delays categorized by boot phase, type and=
magnitude
<ul><li>Was to be a survey of common bootup delays found in embedded device=
s.</li>
<li>Was never really written.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>???
</p>
<ul><li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Spec" title=3D"Bootup Tim=
e Spec">Bootup Time Spec</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Things_To_Investigate" title=
=3D"Bootup Time Things To Investigate">Bootup Time Things To Investigate</a=
></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Working_Group" title=3D"Bootu=
p Time Working Group">Bootup Time Working Group</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Task_List" title=3D"Bootup Ti=
me Task List">Bootup Time Task List</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Bootup_Time_Howto_Task_List" title=3D"Boo=
tup Time Howto Task List">Bootup Time Howto Task List</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"https://elinux.org/Fast_Booting_Translation" title=3D"Fast B=
ooting Translation">Fast Booting Translation</a></li></ul>
<h2><span id=3D"Companies,_individuals_or_projects_working_on_fast_booting"=
></span><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Companies.2C_individuals_or_proje=
cts_working_on_fast_booting">Companies, individuals or projects working on =
fast booting</span></h2>
<ul><li>Intel - Arjan van de Ven - see <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"externa=
l free" href=3D"http://lwn.net/Articles/299483/">http://lwn.net/Articles/29=
9483/</a></li>
<li>Tripeaks - see <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"http=
://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS8282586707.html">http://www.linuxdevices.com=
/news/NS8282586707.html</a></li>
<li>Lineo Solutions - see <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=
=3D"http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS5185504436.html">http://www.linuxdev=
ices.com/news/NS5185504436.html</a></li>
<li>Monta Vista - see <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"h=
ttp://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS2560585344.html">http://www.linuxdevices.=
com/news/NS2560585344.html</a></li>
<li>fastboot git tree - see <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" hre=
f=3D"http://lwn.net/Articles/299591/">http://lwn.net/Articles/299591/</a></=
li>
<li>MPC Data SwiftBoot services - <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external fre=
e" href=3D"http://www.swiftboot.com/">http://www.swiftboot.com/</a></li>
<li>Free Electrons - <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external free" href=3D"ht=
tp://free-electrons.com/services/boot-time/">http://free-electrons.com/serv=
ices/boot-time/</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class=3D"mw-headline" id=3D"Boot_time_check_list">Boot time check=
list</span></h2>
<p>From an <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.m=
ail-archive.com/linux-embedded@vger.kernel.org/msg02139.html">August 2009 d=
iscussion about boot time on ARM devices</a>, several hints and advice rega=
rding boot time optimization are available. While it may repeat a lot of ab=
ove, below is a check list extracted from this discussion:
</p>
<ul><li>Is CPU's clock switched to maximum? If the kernel, bootloader or ha=
rdware is in charge of setting CPU power and speed scaling, then you should=
check that it boots with the CPU set at maximum speed instead of slowest.<=
/li></ul>
<ul><li>Is your hardware (register) timing configuration of your SoC's memo=
ry interfaces (e.g. RAM and NOR/NAND timing) optimized? A lot of vendors sh=
ip their hardware with "well, it works, optimize later" settings. What you =
want is "as fast as possible, but sill stable and reliable" configuration. =
This might need some hardware knowledge and has to be customized to the ind=
ividual memory devices used.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Does your boot loader uses I- and D-Cache? E.g. U-Boot doesn't enab=
le D-Cache by default on ARM devices, as it needs customized MMU tables to =
do so.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Does kernel copy from permanent storage (e.g. NOR or NAND) to RAM u=
se optimized functions? E.g. DMA, or on ARM at least load/store multiple co=
mmands (ldm/stm)?</li></ul>
<ul><li>If you use U-Boot's uImage, set "verify=3Dno" in U-Boot to avoid ch=
ecksum verification.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Optimize size of your kernel.
<ul><li>You might even try some of the embedded system kernel config option=
s that, for example, eliminate all the printk strings, reduce data structur=
es, or eliminate unneeded functionality.</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>How often is kernel (image) data copied? First by boot loader from =
storage to RAM, then by kernel's uncompressor to it's final destination? On=
ce more? If you use compressed kernel and NOR flash, consider running the u=
ncompressor XIP in NOR flash.</li></ul>
<ul><li>If you use compressed kernel, check compression algorithm. zlib is =
slow on decompression, and lzo is much faster. So if you implement lzo comp=
ression, you'll probably speed things up a little as well (check LKML for t=
his). Having no compression at all may also be a good thing to try (see nex=
t topic).</li></ul>
<ul><li>Check to use uncompressed kernel (depends on your system configurat=
ion). Using an uncompressed kernel on a flash-based system may improve boot=
time. The reason is that compressed kernels are faster only when the throu=
ghput to the persistent storage is lower than the decompression throughput,=
and on typical embedded systems with DMA the throughput to memory outperfo=
rms the CPU-based decompression. Of course it depends on a lot of stuff lik=
e performance of flash controller, kernel storage filesystem performance, D=
MA controller performance, cache architecture etc. So it's individual per-s=
ystem. Example: With using an uncompressed kernel (~2.8MB) uncompressing (r=
unning the uncompressor XIP in NOR flash) took ~0.5s longer than copying 2.=
8MB from flash to RAM.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Enable precalculated loops-per-jiffy</li></ul>
<ul><li>Enable kernel quiet option</li></ul>
<ul><li>If you use UBI: UBI is rather slow in attaching MTD devices. Everyt=
hing is explained at MTD's <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=
=3D"http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html#L_scalability">UBI scal=
ability</a> and <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"external text" href=3D"http://=
www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html#L_scalability">UBI fs scalabilit=
y</a> sections. There is not very much you can do to speed it up but implem=
ent UBI2. UBIFS would stay intact. There were discussions about this and it=
does not seem to be impossibly difficult to do UBI2 (<a rel=3D"nofollow" c=
lass=3D"external text" href=3D"http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubi.h=
tml#L_attach_faster">few ideas</a>).
<ul><li>In a follow-up e-mail, Sascha Hauer wrote:</li></ul></li></ul>
<blockquote><p>"What's interesting about this is that the kernel NAND drive=
r is much slower
</p><p>than the one in U-Boot. Looking at it it turned out that the kernel
driver uses interrupts to wait for the controller to get ready.
Switching this to polling nearly doubles the NAND performance. UBI
mounts much faster now and this cuts off another few seconds from the
boot process :) "
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul><li>Use static device nodes during boot, and later setup busybox mdev f=
or hotplug.</li></ul>
<ul><li>If you have network enabled, there might be some very long timeouts=
in the network code paths, which appear to be used whether you specify a s=
tatic address or not. See the definitions of CONF_PRE_OPEN and CON_POST_OPE=
N in <i>net/ipv4/ipconfig.c</i>. Check <a rel=3D"nofollow" class=3D"externa=
l text" href=3D"http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/31678/">ipdelay configura=
tion patch</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Parallelize boot process.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Disable the option "Set system time from RTC on startup and resume"=
, you can use the command hwclock -s at the of the init instead of slowing =
down the kernel.</li></ul>
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</div>
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-->
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div.vectorTabs ul { float: left; height: 100%; list-style-type: none; lis=
t-style-image: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: url("data=
:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAAQ0lEQVR4A=
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tOxdEhlf3UHVgUFrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D"); background-position: right bott=
om; background-repeat: no-repeat; }
div.vectorTabs ul li { float: left; line-height: 1.125em; display: inline=
-block; height: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: url("dat=
a:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkCAIAAADITs03AAAAO0lEQVR4=
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tQCujIJMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D"); background-position: left bottom; background=
-repeat: repeat-x; white-space: nowrap; }
div.vectorTabs ul > li { display: block; }
div.vectorTabs li { }
div.vectorTabs li.new a, div.vectorTabs li.new a:visited { color: rgb(165=
, 88, 88); }
div.vectorTabs li.selected { background-image: url("data:image/png;base64=
,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkAQAAAABvV2fNAAAADElEQVR4AWNoGB4QAInlMgFKeR=
KBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"); }
div.vectorTabs li.selected a, div.vectorTabs li.selected a:visited { colo=
r: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-decoration: none; }
div.vectorTabs li.icon a { background-position: right bottom; background-=
repeat: no-repeat; }
div.vectorTabs li a { display: inline-block; height: 1.9em; padding-left:=
0.625em; padding-right: 0.625em; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); cursor: pointer; =
font-size: 0.8em; }
div.vectorTabs li > a { display: block; }
div.vectorTabs span { display: inline-block; background-image: url("data:=
image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAAQ0lEQVR4AW=
VOhQEAIAzC/X+xAXbXeoDFGA3A9yk1n4juBROcUegfarWjP3ojZvEzxs6j+nygmo+zzsk79nY+t=
OxdEhlf3UHVgUFrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D"); background-position: right botto=
m; background-repeat: no-repeat; height: 100%; }
div.vectorTabs span a { display: inline-block; padding-top: 1.25em; }
div.vectorTabs span > a { float: left; display: block; }
div.vectorMenu { direction: ltr; float: left; cursor: pointer; position: =
relative; line-height: 1.125em; }
div#mw-head div.vectorMenu h3 { float: left; background-image: url("data:=
image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAAQ0lEQVR4AW=
VOhQEAIAzC/X+xAXbXeoDFGA3A9yk1n4juBROcUegfarWjP3ojZvEzxs6j+nygmo+zzsk79nY+t=
OxdEhlf3UHVgUFrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D"); background-repeat: no-repeat; ba=
ckground-position: right bottom; font-size: 1em; height: 2.5em; padding-rig=
ht: 0.5em; margin-right: -1px; }
div.vectorMenu h3 span { position: relative; display: block; font-size: 0=
.8em; padding-left: 0.625em; padding-top: 1.25em; padding-right: 16px; font=
-weight: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); }
div.vectorMenu h3 span::after { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 1=
.25em 0px 0px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent),=
url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 wi=
dth=3D%2212%22 height=3D%2212%22 viewBox=3D%220 0 12 12%22%3E %3Cpath d=3D%=
22M11.05 3.996l-.965-1.053-4.035 3.86-3.947-3.86L1.05 3.996l5 5 5-5%22 fill=
=3D%22%23222%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: 100% 50%; background=
-repeat: no-repeat; opacity: 0.85; }
div.vectorMenu h3:hover span, div.vectorMenu h3:focus span { color: rgb(3=
4, 34, 34); }
div.vectorMenu h3:hover span::after, div.vectorMenu h3:focus span::after =
{ opacity: 1; }
div.vectorMenu .vectorMenuCheckbox:checked + h3 span::after { transform: =
scaleY(-1); }
div.vectorMenu .vectorMenuCheckbox:focus + h3 { outline: -webkit-focus-ri=
ng-color auto; }
div.vectorMenu div.menu { min-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 2.5em=
; left: -1px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-width: 0px 1px 1=
px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-image: in=
itial; clear: both; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 1px 0px; text-al=
ign: left; display: none; z-index: 2; }
div.vectorMenu:hover div.menu { display: block; }
div.vectorMenu .vectorMenuCheckbox:checked ~ div.menu { display: block; }
div.vectorMenu ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; paddin=
g: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: left; }
div.vectorMenu li { padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: left; line-hei=
ght: 1em; }
div.vectorMenu li a { display: inline-block; padding: 0.625em; white-spac=
e: nowrap; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.8em; }
div.vectorMenu li > a { display: block; }
div.vectorMenu li.selected a, div.vectorMenu li.selected a:visited { colo=
r: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-decoration: none; }
.vectorMenuCheckbox { cursor: pointer; position: absolute; top: 0px; left=
: 0px; z-index: 1; opacity: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin: 0px; padd=
ing: 0px; display: none; }
:not(:checked) > .vectorMenuCheckbox { display: block; }
* html div.vectorMenu div.menu { display: block; position: static; border=
: 0px; }
* html div#mw-head div.vectorMenu h3 { display: none; }
* html div.vectorMenu li { float: left; line-height: 1.125em; border-righ=
t: 1px solid rgb(167, 215, 249); }
* html div.vectorMenu li a { padding-top: 1.25em; }
@-webkit-keyframes rotate {=20
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
@keyframes rotate {=20
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
.vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a, .vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a { margin: 0p=
x; padding: 3.1em 0px 0px; display: block; width: 28px; height: 0px; overfl=
ow: hidden; background-position: 5px 60%; background-repeat: no-repeat; }
.vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a { background-image: linear-gradient(transp=
arent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w=
3.org/2000/svg%22 width=3D%2216%22 height=3D%2216%22 xmlns:xlink=3D%22http:=
//www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3ClinearGradient id=3D%22a%22%3E =
%3Cstop offset=3D%220%22 stop-color=3D%22%23c2edff%22/%3E %3Cstop offset=3D=
%22.5%22 stop-color=3D%22%2368bdff%22/%3E %3Cstop offset=3D%221%22 stop-col=
or=3D%22%23fff%22/%3E %3C/linearGradient%3E %3ClinearGradient id=3D%22b%22 =
x1=3D%2213.47%22 x2=3D%224.596%22 y1=3D%2214.363%22 y2=3D%223.397%22 xlink:=
href=3D%22%23a%22 gradientUnits=3D%22userSpaceOnUse%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cp=
ath fill=3D%22url%28%23b%29%22 stroke=3D%22%237cb5d1%22 stroke-width=3D%22.=
99992%22 d=3D%22M8.103 1.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.3=
51-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); =
}
.vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a { background-image: linear-gradient(transpar=
ent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.=
org/2000/svg%22 width=3D%2216%22 height=3D%2216%22%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22%23=
fff%22 stroke=3D%22%237cb5d1%22 stroke-width=3D%22.99992%22 d=3D%22M8.103 1=
.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831=
-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); }
.vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a:hover, .vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a:focu=
s { background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:=
image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=3D%2216=
%22 height=3D%2216%22 xmlns:xlink=3D%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22%3E %=
3Cdefs%3E %3ClinearGradient id=3D%22a%22%3E %3Cstop offset=3D%220%22 stop-c=
olor=3D%22%23c2edff%22/%3E %3Cstop offset=3D%22.5%22 stop-color=3D%22%2368b=
dff%22/%3E %3Cstop offset=3D%221%22 stop-color=3D%22%23fff%22/%3E %3C/linea=
rGradient%3E %3ClinearGradient id=3D%22b%22 x1=3D%2213.47%22 x2=3D%224.596%=
22 y1=3D%2214.363%22 y2=3D%223.397%22 xlink:href=3D%22%23a%22 gradientUnits=
=3D%22userSpaceOnUse%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22url%28%23b%29%22 =
stroke=3D%22%23c8b250%22 stroke-width=3D%22.99992%22 d=3D%22M8.103 1.146l2.=
175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-=
3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); }
.vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a:hover, .vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a:focus { =
background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:imag=
e/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=3D%2216%22 =
height=3D%2216%22%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22%23fff%22 stroke=3D%22%23c8b250%22 s=
troke-width=3D%22.99992%22 d=3D%22M8.103 1.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3=
.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z%22/=
%3E %3C/svg%3E"); }
.vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a.loading, .vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a.load=
ing { background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("dat=
a:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=3D%22=
16%22 height=3D%2216%22%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22%23fff%22 stroke=3D%22%23c8ccd=
1%22 stroke-width=3D%22.99992%22 d=3D%22M8.103 1.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-=
3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.70=
7z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); animation: 700ms linear 0s infinite normal none run=
ning rotate; outline: 0px; cursor: default; pointer-events: none; backgroun=
d-position: 50% 60%; transform-origin: 50% 57%; }
.vectorTabs #ca-unwatch.icon a span, .vectorTabs #ca-watch.icon a span { =
display: none; }
#mw-navigation h2 { position: absolute; top: -9999px; }
#mw-page-base { height: 5em; background-position: left bottom; background=
-repeat: repeat-x; background-image: linear-gradient(rgb(255, 255, 255) 50%=
, rgb(246, 246, 246) 100%); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#mw-head-base { margin-top: -5em; margin-left: 10em; height: 5em; }
#mw-head { position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 100%; }
#mw-head h3 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#left-navigation { float: left; margin-left: 10em; margin-top: 2.5em; mar=
gin-bottom: -2.5em; }
#right-navigation { float: right; margin-top: 2.5em; }
#p-logo { width: 10em; height: 160px; }
#p-logo a { display: block; width: 10em; height: 160px; background-repeat=
: no-repeat; background-position: center center; text-decoration: none; }
#mw-panel { font-size: inherit; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 10em=
; left: 0px; }
#mw-panel .portal { margin: 0px 0.6em 0px 0.7em; padding: 0.25em 0px; dir=
ection: ltr; background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; }
#mw-panel .portal h3 { font-size: 0.75em; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-we=
ight: normal; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 0.666667em; padding: 0.25em 0px; cursor=
: default; border: 0px; }
#mw-panel .portal .body { margin-left: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px; backgroun=
d-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIwAAAABCAAAAAA=
phRnkAAAAJ0lEQVQIW7XFsQEAIAyAMPD/b7uLWz8wS5youFW1UREfiIpH1Q2VBz7fGPS1dOGeAA=
AAAElFTkSuQmCC"); background-repeat: no-repeat; }
#mw-panel .portal .body ul { list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding:=
0.3em 0px 0px; }
#mw-panel .portal .body li { line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; padding: =
0.25em 0px; font-size: 0.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word; }
#mw-panel .portal .body li a { color: rgb(6, 69, 173); }
#mw-panel .portal .body li a:visited { color: rgb(11, 0, 128); }
#mw-panel #p-logo + .portal { background-image: none; margin-top: 1em; }
#mw-panel #p-logo + .portal h3 { display: none; }
#mw-panel #p-logo + .portal .body { background-image: none; margin-left: =
0.5em; }
#footer { margin-left: 10em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0.75em; direction:=
ltr; }
#footer ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0px; =
padding: 0px; }
#footer ul li { color: rgb(34, 34, 34); margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px; =
font-size: 0.7em; }
#footer #footer-icons { float: right; }
#footer #footer-icons li { float: left; margin-left: 0.5em; line-height: =
2em; text-align: right; }
#footer #footer-info li { line-height: 1.4em; }
#footer #footer-places li { float: left; margin-right: 1em; line-height: =
2em; }
.mw-parser-output .external { background-position: right center; backgrou=
nd-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transp=
arent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=3D%22http://www.w3.org/2000/sv=
g%22 width=3D%2212%22 height=3D%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22%23fff%22 stro=
ke=3D%22%2336c%22 d=3D%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%=
22%2336c%22 d=3D%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69=
-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=3D%22%23fff%22 d=3D%22M9.9=
95 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22=
/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); padding-right: 13px; }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 982px) {
.mw-body { margin-left: 11em; padding: 1.25em 1.5em 1.5em; }
#footer { margin-left: 11em; padding: 1.25em; }
#mw-panel { padding-left: 0.5em; }
#p-search { margin-right: 1em; }
#left-navigation { margin-left: 11em; }
#p-personal { right: 1em; }
#mw-head-base { margin-left: 11em; }
}
@media print {
.toc, body { padding: 10px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Time=
s, serif; }
.printfooter, #footer, .thumb, table, ol, dl, ul, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-f=
amily: sans-serif; }
img { font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; }
a { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); }
.firstHeading { font-size: 25pt; line-height: 28pt; margin-bottom: 20px; =
padding-bottom: 5px; }
.firstHeading, h2 { overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, =
0); }
h3, h4, h5, h6 { margin: 30px 0px 0px; }
h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { padding: 0px; position: relative; }
h2 { font-size: 18pt; line-height: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
h3 { font-size: 13pt; line-height: 20pt; }
h4, h5, h6 { font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15pt; }
p { font-size: 10pt; line-height: 16pt; margin-top: 5px; text-align: just=
ify; }
p::before { content: ""; display: block; overflow: hidden; width: 120pt; =
}
blockquote { border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 20px; }
ol, ul { margin: 10px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; }
ol li, ul li { padding: 2px 0px; font-size: 10pt; }
table ol li, table ul li { font-size: inherit; }
.toc { break-before: avoid; break-after: avoid; background: none; border:=
0px; display: table; }
.toc a { border: 0px; font-weight: normal; }
.toc > ul > li { margin-bottom: 4px; font-weight: bold; }
.toc ul { margin: 0px; list-style: none; }
.toc ul ul { padding-left: 30px; }
.toc li.toclevel-1 > a { font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; }
.toc .tocnumber { display: none; }
.printfooter { margin-top: 10px; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padd=
ing-top: 10px; font-size: 10pt; clear: both; }
#footer { margin-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); pad=
ding-top: 5px; }
#footer-info { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#footer-info li { color: rgb(153, 153, 153); list-style: none; display: b=
lock; padding-bottom: 10px; font-size: 10pt; }
#footer-info li a { color: rgb(153, 153, 153) !important; }
#footer-info-lastmod { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-weight:=
bold; }
}
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