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          <h1>Swift中类（Class）和 结构体（Struct）</h1>

        <div class="read-more clearfix">
          <span class="date">2018/10/23</span>

          <span>posted in&nbsp;</span>

              <span class="posted-in"><a href='swift.html'>Swift</a></span>


          <span class="comments">


          </span>

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      <div class="article-content">
      <h2 id="toc_0">分析</h2>

<p>共同点：</p>

<ul>
<li>定义属性用于存储值</li>
<li>定义方法用于提供功能</li>
<li>定义下标操作使得可以通过下标语法来访问实例所包含的值</li>
<li>定义构造器用于生成初始化值</li>
<li>通过扩展以增加默认实现的功能</li>
<li>实现协议以提供某种标准功能</li>
</ul>

<p>与结构体相比，类还有如下的附加功能：</p>

<ul>
<li>继承允许一个类继承另一个类的特征</li>
<li>类型转换允许在运行时检查和解释一个类实例的类型</li>
<li>析构器允许一个类实例释放任何其所被分配的资源</li>
<li>引用计数允许对一个类的多次引用（对象引用）结构体总是通过被复制的方式在代码中传递，不使用引用计数。</li>
</ul>

<h2 id="toc_1">逐一对比</h2>

<h3 id="toc_2">定义</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 定义
class StudentClass{ }
struct StudebtStruct{ }
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_3">定义存储属性</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: &gt; 类中定义的存储属性，如果不是可选类型，需要进行初始化；结构体则默认带有初始化方法
class StudentC01{
    var name: String!
}
struct StudebtS01{
    var name: String!
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_4">定义属性函数function</h3>

<p>关于@objc 请参考 <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35612929/article/details/79563110">Swift 4.0学习之：@objc的使用</a></p>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 定义属性函数function
//: &gt; 类中可以使用 static 和 class两种修饰符；但是结构体中只能使用static修饰
class StudentC02{
    static var des:String = &quot;学生的类&quot;
    var name:String!
    @objc class func objc_describe()-&gt;String{
        return des
    }
    class func class_describe()-&gt;String{
        return des
    }
    static func static_describe()-&gt;String{
        return des
    }
}
struct StudentS02{
    static var des:String = &quot;学生的结构体&quot;
    var name:String!
    static func describe()-&gt;String{
        return &quot;这是一个定义学生的类&quot;
    }
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_5">扩展下标</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 扩展下标
//: &gt; *subscript*
class StudentC003{
    var names:[String] = [&quot;1&quot;,&quot;2&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,&quot;4&quot;,&quot;5&quot;]
    subscript (index:Int)-&gt;String?{
        get{
            if names.count &lt;= index{
                return nil
            }
            return names[index]
        }
    }
}
struct StudentS003{
    var names:[String] = [&quot;1&quot;,&quot;2&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,&quot;4&quot;,&quot;5&quot;]
    subscript (index:Int)-&gt;String?{
        get{
            if names.count &lt;= index{
                return nil
            }
            return names[index]
        }
    }
}
let sc003 = StudentC003()
sc003[1]// 2
let ss003 = StudentS003()
ss003[1]// 2
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_6">初始化</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 初始化
//: &gt; 结构体自带初始化方法（可以不写初始化方法）;
//: &gt; 类必须手写init方法，否则报错；
class StudentC004{
    var name:String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}
struct StudentS004 {
    var name:String

}
let studentc004 = StudentC004(name: &quot;行走在北方&quot;)
let students004 = StudentS004(name: &quot;行走在北方&quot;)
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_7">扩展功能 Extention</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 扩展功能 Extention
extension StudentC004{
    func discribe() -&gt; String {
        return &quot;student class:&quot;+self.name
    }
}
extension StudentS004{
    func discribe() -&gt; String {
        return &quot;student struct:&quot; + self.name
    }
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_8">实现协议 protocol</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 实现协议 protocol
//: * 定义协议
protocol Capacity {
    func draw()//协议方法
}
//: * 实现协议方法
class StudentC05:Capacity{
    internal func draw() {

    }
    var name:String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}
struct StudentS05:Capacity{
    internal func draw() {

    }
    var name:String
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_9">mutating 关键字的使用</h3>

<p>科普下:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>枚举和结构体都是值类型，Swift默认值类型的对象方法不能修改属性值,但是如果一定要修改 那就在函数前面添加mutating关键字</p></li>
<li><p>计算属性setter方法中不需要更改属性值的时候，不需要添加mutating关键字;</p></li>
<li><p>计算属性setter方法中更改属性值的时候，必须要添加mutating关键字</p></li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="language-text">protocol Action{
    var myY:Int{
        mutating get
    }
}
struct Point {
    var x:Int
    var y:Int
    mutating func modifyX(x: Int){
        self.x = x
    }
    var myY:Int{
        mutating get {//getter方法前面添加mutating关键字
            self.y = self.y*2
            return y
        }
    }
}
class ActionClass {
    var name:String?
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    var myName:String? {
        get {// class 是对象类型 可以直接修改
            self.name = &quot;666 -&gt; :&quot; + self.name!
            return self.name
        }
    }

}
let actionclass = ActionClass(name: &quot;NB&quot;)
</code></pre>

<h2 id="toc_10">判断两个对象地址是否相同（验证 引用类型 和 值类型）</h2>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 判断两个对象地址是否相同
//: &gt; 类是引用类型；结构体是值类型；结构体不能通过=== 、！==类判断比较
//: &gt;
class StudentC07{
    var name: String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

let studentc071 = StudentC07(name: &quot;原始名字&quot;)
var studentc072 = studentc071
studentc071.name = &quot;新名字&quot;
print(&quot;student071:\(studentc071.name)\nstudent072:\(studentc072.name)&quot;)
if studentc071 === studentc072 {
    print(&quot;类是引用类型，最终指向同一块内存&quot;)
}
struct StudentS07{
    var name: String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}
let students071 = StudentS07(name: &quot;结构体：原始名字&quot;)
var students072 = students071
students072.name = &quot;结构体：新名字&quot;
print(&quot;students071:\(students071.name)\nstudents072\(students072.name)&quot;)
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_11">deinit 释放资源</h3>

<p><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/9e725362eeb1">Swift中的deinit方法</a></p>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### deinit 释放资源
//: &gt; 类有deinit方法；结构体中没有deinit方法。
class StudentC08{
    var name: String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    deinit {
        //这里释放资源
    }
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_12">lazy：延迟属性（懒加载）</h3>

<p>class 有延迟属性；struct没有延迟属性</p>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: &gt; 延迟存储属性是指当第一次被调用的时候才会计算其初始值的属性。在属性声明前使用 lazy 来标示一个延迟存储属性
class Importor{
    var fileName = &quot;data.txt&quot;
}
class DataManager{
    lazy var importor = Importor()
    var Data = [String]()
}
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_13">继承</h3>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 继承
//: &gt; 类能继承；结构体不能继承。
class Person{
    var name:String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}
class Student06: Person {
    var score : Float
    init(name: String, score: Float){
        self.score = score//先给父类中没有的属性赋值，再调用父类init方法
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}
</code></pre>

<ul>
<li><p>继承之后 可重写父类方法/属性</p>
<ol>
<li><p>重写计算属性：只能增加功能不能减少功能——&gt;父类中有setter getter,那么子类重写计算属性 setter getter都必须要有。父类中只有setter  子类中可以在重写setter的同时增加getter</p></li>
<li><p>final 关键字可以让属性不被重写 或者 继承</p></li>
</ol></li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: * 重写计算属性
//: * 重写对象方法
//: * 重写类方法
//: * 重写初始化方法
//: * 重写存储属性

//: _父类_
class Person{
    //存储属性
    var name:String = &quot;person&quot;
    //计算属性
    var rename:String{
        return self.name
    }
    //初始化方法
    init(_ name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
    //对象方法
    func describe() -&gt; String {
        return self.name
    }
    //类方法
    class func describeClass()-&gt;String{
        return &quot;这是一个描述人的类&quot;
    }
}
//: _子类_
class Man: Person {
    //重写存储属性
    override var name: String{
        didSet{
            print(&quot;man 对象中 name 的原始值：\(self.name)&quot;)
            self.name = &quot;man:&quot;+self.name
        }
    }
    var score : Double
    //重写setter getter
    override var rename: String{
        set{
            self.name = &quot;man:&quot;+newValue
        }
        get{
            return &quot;_&quot;+self.name
        }
    }
    //重写初始化方法
    override init(_ name: String) {
        self.score = 0.0
        super.init(name)
    }
    //重写对象方法
    override func describe() -&gt; String {
        return self.name + &quot;_score:\(self.score)&quot;
    }
    // 重写类方法
    override class func describeClass() -&gt; String {
        return &quot;我是描述男人的类&quot;
    }
}
var man00 = Man(&quot;kael&quot;)
print(man00.name)
</code></pre>

<h3 id="toc_14">class 的类型检测</h3>

<ol>
<li>首先在自己的初始化方法中先给自己的属性初始化</li>
<li>然后调用父类的初始化</li>
<li>最后修改父类的属性</li>
</ol>

<pre><code class="language-text">//: ### 类型检测  is  as?
var person01 = Person(&quot;person01&quot;)
var man01 = Man(&quot;man01&quot;)

if person01 is Person {
    print(&quot;person01：我是Person&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;person01：我不是Person&quot;)
}
if person01 is Man {
    print(&quot;person01：我是Man&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;person01：我不是Man&quot;)
}
if man01 is Person {
    print(&quot;man01：我是Person&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;man01：我不是Person&quot;)
}
if man01 is Man {
    print(&quot;man01：我是Man&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;man01：我不是Man&quot;)
}

if let p = person01 as? Person {
    print(&quot;person01 是 Person&quot;)
}
if let p = person01 as? Man{
    print(&quot;person01 是Man&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;person01 不是Man&quot;)
}
if let p = man01 as? Person {
    print(&quot;man01 是 Person&quot;)
}
if let p = man01 as? Man{
    print(&quot;man01 是Man&quot;)
}else{
    print(&quot;man01 不是Man&quot;)
}


</code></pre>


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