SUMMARY.md · jack__yang/java-virtual-machine-specification

# Summary

* [1 引言](docs/01-Introduction/1-Introduction.md)
* [1.1 章节组织](docs/01-Introduction/1.1-Organization-of-the-Specification.md)
* [1.2 程序示例](docs/01-Introduction/1.2-Example-Programs.md)
* [1.3 符号](docs/01-Introduction/1.3-Notation.md)
* [1.4 与预定义类和接口的关系](docs/01-Introduction/1.4-Relationship-to-Predefined-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* [1.5 反馈](docs/01-Introduction/1.5-Feedback.md)
* [1.6 参考引用](docs/01-Introduction/1.6-References.md)
* [2 Grammars](docs/02-Grammars/1.6-References.md)
* [2.1 Context-Free Grammars](docs/02-Grammars/2.1-Context-Free-Grammars.md)
* [2.2 The Lexical Grammar](docs/02-Grammars/2.2-The-Lexical-Grammar.md)
* [2.3 The Syntactic Grammar](docs/02-Grammars/2.3-The-Syntactic-Grammar.md)
* [2.4 Grammar Notation](docs/02-Grammars/2.4-Grammar-Notation.md)
* [3 Lexical Structure](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3-Lexical-Structure.md)
* [3.1 Unicode](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.1-Unicode.md)
* [3.2 Lexical Translations](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.2-Lexical-Translations.md)
* [3.3 Unicode Escapes](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.3-Unicode-Escapes.md)
* [3.4 Line Terminators](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.4-Line-Terminators.md)
* [3.5 Input Elements and Tokens](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.5-Input-Elements-and-Tokens.md)
* [3.6 White Space](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.6-White-Space.md)
* [3.7 Comments](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.7-Comments.md)
* [3.8 Identifiers](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.8-Identifiers.md)
* [3.9 Keywords](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.9-Keywords.md)
* [3.10 Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10-Literals.md)
* [3.10.1 Integer Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.1-Integer-Literals.md)
* [3.10.2 Floating-Point Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.2-Floating-Point-Literals.md)
* [3.10.3 Boolean Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.3-Boolean-Literals.md)
* [3.10.4 Character Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.4-Character-Literals.md)
* [3.10.5 String Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.5-String-Literals.md)
* [3.10.6 Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.6-Escape-Sequences-for-Character-and-String-Literals.md)
* [3.10.7 The Null Literal](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.10.7-The-Null-Literal.md)
* [3.11 Separators](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.11-Separators.md)
* [3.12 Operators](docs/03-Lexical-Structure/3.12-Operators.md)
* [4 Types, Values, and Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4-Types-Values-and-Variables.md)
* [4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.1-The-Kinds-of-Types-and-Values.md)
* [4.2 Primitive Types and Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.2 Primitive Types and Values.md)
* [4.2.1 Integral Types and Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4-Types-Values-and-Variables.md)
* [4.2.2 Integer Operations](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.2.1-Integral-Types-and-Values.md)
* [4.2.3 Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.2.3-Floating-Point-Types-Formats-and-Values.md)
* [4.2.4 Floating-Point Operations](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.2.4-Floating-Point-Operations.md)
* [4.2.5 The boolean Type and boolean Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.2.5-The-boolean-Type-and-boolean-Values.md)
* [4.3 Reference Types and Values](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.3-Reference-Types-and-Values.md)
* [4.3.1 Objects](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.3.1-Objects.md)
* [4.3.2 The Class Object](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.3.2-The-Class-Object.md)
* [4.3.3 The Class String](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.3.3-The-Class-String.md)
* [4.3.4 When Reference Types Are the Same](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.3.4-When-Reference-Types-Are-the-Sam.md)
* [4.4 Type Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.4-Type-Variables.md)
* [4.5 Parameterized Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.5-Parameterized-Types.md)
* [4.5.1 Type Arguments of Parameterized Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.5.1-Type-Arguments-of-Parameterized-Types.md)
* [4.5.2 Members and Constructors of Parameterized Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.5.2-Members-and-Constructors-of-Parameterized-Types.md)
* [4.6 Type Erasure](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.6-Type-Erasure.md)
* [4.7 Reifiable Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.7-Reifiable-Types.md)
* [4.8 Raw Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.8-Raw-Types.md)
* [4.9 Intersection Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.9-Intersection-Types.md)
* [4.10 Subtyping](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10-Subtyping.md)
* [4.10.1 Subtyping among Primitive Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10.1-Subtyping-among-Primitive-Types.md)
* [4.10.2 Subtyping among Class and Interface Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10.2-Subtyping-among-Class-and-Interface-Types.md)
* [4.10.3 Subtyping among Array Types](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10.3-Subtyping-among-Array-Types.md)
* [4.10.4 Least Upper Bound](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10.4-Least-Upper-Bound.md)
* [4.10.5 Type Projections](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.10.5-Type-Projections.md)
* [4.11 Where Types Are Used](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.11-Where-Types-Are-Used.md)
* [4.12 Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12-Variables.md)
* [4.12.1 Variables of Primitive Type](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.1-Variables-of-Primitive-Type.md)
* [4.12.2 Variables of Reference Type](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.2-Variables-of-Reference-Type.md)
* [4.12.3 Kinds of Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.3-Kinds-of-Variables.md)
* [4.12.4 final Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.4-final-Variables.md)
* [4.12.5 Initial Values of Variables](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.5-Initial-Values-of-Variables.md)
* [4.12.6 Types, Classes, and Interfaces](docs/04-Types-Values-and-Variables/4.12.6-Types-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* [5 Conversions and Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5-Conversions-and-Contexts.md)
* [5.1 Kinds of Conversion](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.1-Kinds-of-Conversion.md)
* [5.1.1 Identity Conversion 98
* [5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversion 98
* [5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversion 100
* [5.1.4 Widening and Narrowing Primitive Conversion 103
* [5.1.5 Widening Reference Conversion 103
* [5.1.6 Narrowing Reference Conversion 103
* [5.1.6.1 Allowed Narrowing Reference Conversion 104
* [5.1.6.2 Checked and Unchecked Narrowing Reference
* [5.1.6.3 Narrowing Reference Conversions at Run Time 105
* [5.1.7 Boxing Conversion 107
* [5.1.8 Unboxing Conversion 109
* [5.1.9 Unchecked Conversion 110
* [5.1.10 Capture Conversion 111
* [5.1.11 String Conversion 113
* [5.1.12 Forbidden Conversions 114
* [5.1.13 Value Set Conversion 114
* [5.2 Assignment Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.2-Assignment-Contexts.md)
* [5.3 Invocation Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.3-Invocation-Contexts.md)
* [5.4 String Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.4-String-Contexts.md)
* [5.5 Casting Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.5-Casting-Contexts.md)
* [5.6 Numeric Contexts](docs/05-Conversions-and-Contexts/5.6-Numeric-Contexts.md)
* [5.6.1 Unary Numeric Promotion 129
* [5.6.2 Binary Numeric Promotion 130
* [6 Names](docs/06-Names/6-Names.md)
* [6.1 Declarations](docs/06-Names/6.1-Declarations.md)
* [6.2 Names and Identifiers](docs/06-Names/6.2-Names-and-Identifiers.md)
* [6.3 Scope of a Declaration](docs/06-Names/6.3-Scope-of-a-Declaration.md)
* [6.4 Shadowing and Obscuring](docs/06-Names/6.4-Shadowing-and-Obscuring.md)
* [6.4.1 Shadowing 149
* [6.4.2 Obscuring 152
* [6.5 Determining the Meaning of a Name](docs/06-Names/6.5-Determining-the-Meaning-of-a-Name.md)
* [6.5.1 Syntactic Classification of a Name According to Context 154
* [6.5.2 Reclassification of Contextually Ambiguous Names 157
* [6.5.3 Meaning of Module Names and Package Names 160
* [6.5.6 Meaning of Expression Names 162
* [6.6 Access Control](docs/06-Names/6.6-Access-Control.md)
* [6.6.1 Determining Accessibility 168
* [6.6.2 Details on protected Access 172
* [6.7 Fully Qualified Names and Canonical Names](docs/06-Names/6.7-Fully-Qualified-Names-and-Canonical-Names.md)
* [7 Packages and Modules](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7-Packages-and-Modules.md)
* [7.1 Package Members](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7.1-Package-Members.md)
* [7.2 Host Support for Modules and Packages](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7.2-Host-Support-for-Modules-and-Packages.md)
* [7.3 Compilation Units](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7.3-Compilation-Units.md)
* [7.4 Package Declarations](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7.4-Package-Declarations.md)
* [7.4.1 Named Packages 184
* [7.4.2 Unnamed Packages 184
* [7.4.3 Package Observability and Visibility 185
* [7.5 Import Declarations 186
* [7.5.1 Single-Type-Import Declarations 187
* [7.5.2 Type-Import-on-Demand Declarations 189
* [7.5.3 Single-Static-Import Declarations 190
* [7.5.4 Static-Import-on-Demand Declarations 191
* [7.6 Top Level Type Declarations 192
* [7.7 Module Declarations](docs/07-Packages-and-Modules/7.7-Module-Declarations.md)
* [7.7.1 Dependences 197
* [7.7.2 Exported and Opened Packages 200
* [7.7.3 Service Consumption 201
* [7.7.4 Service Provision 201
* [7.7.5 Unnamed Modules 202
* [7.7.6 Observability of a Module 203
* [8 Classes](docs/08-Classes/8-Classes.md)
* [8.1 Class Declarations](docs/08-Classes/8.1-Class-Declarations.md)
* [8.1.1 Class Modifiers 207
* [8.1.2 Generic Classes and Type Parameters 210
* [8.1.3 Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances 213
* [8.1.4 Superclasses and Subclasses 216
* [8.1.5 Superinterfaces 218
* [8.1.6 Class Body and Member Declarations 222
* [8.2 Class Members](docs/08-Classes/8.2-Class-Members.md)
* [8.3 Field Declarations](docs/08-Classes/8.3-Field-Declarations.md)
* [8.3.1 Field Modifiers 232
* [8.3.2 Field Initialization 237
* [8.3.3 Restrictions on Field References in Initializers 239
* [8.4 Method Declarations](docs/08-Classes/8.4-Method-Declarations.md)
* [8.4.1 Formal Parameters 243
* [8.4.2 Method Signature 247
* [8.4.3 Method Modifiers 248
* [8.4.4 Generic Methods 253
* [8.4.5 Method Result 254
* [8.4.6 Method Throws 255
* [8.4.7 Method Body 256
* [8.4.8 Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding 257
* [8.4.9 Overloading 268
* [8.5 Member Type Declarations](docs/08-Classes/8.5-Member-Type-Declarations.md)
* [8.5.1 Static Member Type Declarations
* [8.6 Instance Initializers](docs/08-Classes/8.6-Instance-Initializers.md)
* [8.7 Static Initializers](docs/08-Classes/8.7-Static-Initializers.md)
* [8.8 Constructor Declarations](docs/08-Classes/8.8-Constructor-Declarations.md)
* [8.8.1 Formal Parameters 274
* [8.8.2 Constructor Signature 275
* [8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers 275
* [8.8.4 Generic Constructors 276
* [8.8.5 Constructor Throws 276
* [8.8.6 The Type of a Constructor 277
* [8.8.7 Constructor Body 277
* [8.8.7.1 Explicit Constructor Invocations 278
* [8.8.8 Constructor Overloading 282
* [8.8.9 Default Constructor 282
* [8.8.10 Preventing Instantiation of a Class 284
* [8.9 Enum Types](docs/08-Classes/8.9-Enum-Types.md)
* [8.9.1 Enum Constants 285
* [8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations 286
* [8.9.3 Enum Members 288
* [9 Interfaces](docs/09-Interfaces/9-Interfaces.md)
* [9.1 Interface Declarations](docs/09-Interfaces/9.1-Interface-Declarations.md)
* [9.1.1 Interface Modifiers 296
* [9.1.2 Generic Interfaces and Type Parameters 297
* [9.1.3 Superinterfaces and Subinterfaces 298
* [9.1.4 Interface Body and Member Declarations 300
* [9.2 Interface Members](docs/09-Interfaces/9.2-Interface-Members.md)
* [9.3 Field (Constant) Declarations](docs/09-Interfaces/9.3-Field-Constant-Declarations.md)
* [9.3.1 Initialization of Fields in Interfaces 303
* [9.4 Method Declarations](docs/09-Interfaces/9.4-Method-Declarations.md)
* [9.4.1 Inheritance and Overriding 305
* [9.4.2 Overloading 309
* [9.4.3 Interface Method Body 309
* [9.5 Member Type Declarations](docs/09-Interfaces/9.5-Member-Type-Declarations.md)
* [9.6 Annotation Types](docs/09-Interfaces/9.6-Annotation-Type.md)
* [9.6.1 Annotation Type Elements 312
* [9.6.2 Defaults for Annotation Type Elements 315
* [9.6.3 Repeatable Annotation Types 316
* [9.6.4 Predefined Annotation Types 320
* [9.7 Annotations](docs/09-Interfaces/9.7 Annotations.md)
* [9.7.1 Normal Annotations 329
* [9.7.2 Marker Annotations 331
* [9.7.3 Single-Element Annotations 332
* [9.7.4 Where Annotations May Appear 333
* [9.7.5 Multiple Annotations of the Same Type 338
* [9.8 Functional Interfaces](docs/09-Interfaces/9.8-Functional-Interfaces.md)
* [9.9 Function Types](docs/09-Interfaces/9.9-Function-Types.md)
* [10 Arrays](docs/10-Arrays/10-Arrays.md)
* [10.1 Array Types](docs/10-Arrays/10.1-Array-Types.md)
* [10.2 Array Variables](docs/10-Arrays/10.2-Array-Variables.md)
* [10.3 Array Creation](docs/10-Arrays/10.3-Array-Creation.md)
* [10.4 Array Access](docs/10-Arrays/10.4-Array-Access.md)
* [10.5 Array Store Exception](docs/10-Arrays/10.5-Array-Store-Exception.md)
* [10.6 Array Initializers](docs/10-Arrays/10.6-Array-Initializers.md)
* [10.7 Array Members](docs/10-Arrays/10.7-Array-Members.md)
* [10.8 Class Objects for Arrays](docs/10-Arrays/10.8-Class-Objects-for-Arrays.md)
* [10.9 An Array of Characters Is Not a String](docs/10-Arrays/10.9-An-Array-of-Characters-Is-Not-a-String.md)
* [11 Exceptions](docs/11-Exceptions/11-Exceptions.md)
* [11.1 The Kinds and Causes of Exceptions](docs/11-Exceptions/11.1-The-Kinds-and-Causes-of-Exceptions.md)
* [11.1.1 The Kinds of Exceptions 362
* [11.1.2 The Causes of Exceptions 363
* [11.1.3 Asynchronous Exceptions 364
* [11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions](docs/11-Exceptions/11.2-Compile-Time-Checking-of-Exceptions.md)
* [11.2.1 Exception Analysis of Expressions 366
* [11.2.2 Exception Analysis of Statements 367
* [11.2.3 Exception Checking 368
* [11.3 Run-Time Handling of an Exception](docs/11-Exceptions/11.3-Run-Time-Handling-of-an-Exception.md)
* [12 Execution](docs/12-Execution/12-Execution.md)
* [12.1 Java Virtual Machine Startup](docs/12-Execution/12.1-Java-Virtual-Machine-Startup.md)
* [12.1.1 Load the Class Test 376
* [12.1.2 Link Test: Verify, Prepare, (Optionally) Resolve 376
* [12.1.3 Initialize Test: Execute Initializers 377
* [12.1.4 Invoke Test.main 378
* [12.2 加载类和接口](docs/12-Execution/12.2-Loading-of-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* 12.2.1 加载过程
* [12.3 Linking of Classes and Interfaces](docs/12-Execution/12.3-Linking-of-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* [12.3.1 Verification of the Binary Representation 380
* [12.3.2 Preparation of a Class or Interface Type 381
* [12.3.3 Resolution of Symbolic References 381
* [12.4 Initialization of Classes and Interfaces](docs/12-Execution/12.4-Initialization-of-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* [12.4.1 When Initialization Occurs 383
* [12.4.2 Detailed Initialization Procedure 386
* [12.5 Creation of New Class Instances](docs/12-Execution/12.5-Creation-of-New-Class-Instances.md)
* [12.6 Finalization of Class Instances](docs/12-Execution/12.6-Finalization-of-Class-Instances.md)
* [12.6.1 Implementing Finalization 393
* [12.6.2 Interaction with the Memory Model 394
* [12.7 Unloading of Classes and Interfaces](docs/12-Execution/12.7-Unloading-of-Classes-and-Interfaces.md)
* [12.8 Program Exit](docs/12-Execution/12.8-Program-Exit.md)
* [13 Binary Compatibility](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13-Binary-Compatibility.md)
* [13.1 The Form of a Binary](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13.1-The-Form-of-a-Binary.md)
* [13.2 What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13.2 What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not.md)
* [13.3 Evolution of Packages and Modules](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13.3 Evolution of Packages and Modules.md)
* [13.4 Evolution of Classes](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13.4-Evolution-of-Classes.md)
* [13.4.1 abstract Classes 408
* [13.4.2 final Classes 409
* [13.4.3 public Classes 409
* [13.4.4 Superclasses and Superinterfaces 409
* [13.4.5 Class Type Parameters 411
* [13.4.6 Class Body and Member Declarations 411
* [13.4.7 Access to Members and Constructors 413
* [13.4.8 Field Declarations 414
* [13.4.9 final Fields and static Constant Variables
* [13.4.10 static Fields 417
* [13.4.11 transient Fields 417
* [13.4.12 Method and Constructor Declarations 417
* [13.4.13 Method and Constructor Type Parameters 418
* [13.4.14 Method and Constructor Formal Parameters 419
* [13.4.15 Method Result Type 420
* [13.4.16 abstract Methods 420
* [13.4.17 final Methods 421
* [13.4.18 native Methods 421
* [13.4.19 static Methods 422
* [13.4.20 synchronized Methods 422
* [13.4.21 Method and Constructor Throws 422
* [13.4.22 Method and Constructor Body 422
* [13.4.23 Method and Constructor Overloading 422
* [13.4.24 Method Overriding 424
* [13.4.25 Static Initializers 424
* [13.4.26 Evolution of Enums 424
* [13.5 Evolution of Interfaces](docs/13-Binary-Compatibility/13.5-Evolution-of-Interface.md)
* [13.5.1 public Interfaces 424
* [13.5.2 Superinterfaces 425
* [13.5.3 Interface Members 425
* [13.5.4 Interface Type Parameters 425
* [13.5.5 Field Declarations 426
* [13.5.6 Interface Method Declarations 426
* [13.5.7 Evolution of Annotation Types 427
* [14 Blocks and Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14-Blocks-and-Statements.md)
* [14.1 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.1-Normal-and-Abrupt-Completion-of-Statements.md)
* [14.2 Blocks](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14-Blocks.md)
* [14.3 Local Class Declarations](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.3-Local-Class-Declarations.md)
* [14.4 Local Variable Declaration Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.4-Local-Variable-Declaration-Statements.md)
* [14.4.1 Local Variable Declarators and Types 434
* [14.4.2 Execution of Local Variable Declarations 435
* [14.5 Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.5-Statements.md)
* [14.6 The Empty Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.6-The-Empty-Statement.md)
* [14.7 Labeled Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.7-Labeled-Statements.md)
* [14.8 Expression Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.8-Expression-Statements.md)
* [14.9 The if Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.9-The-if-Statement.md)
* [14.9.1 The if-then Statement 441
* [14.9.2 The if-then-else Statement 441
* [14.10 The assert Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.10-The-assert-Statement.md)
* [14.11 The switch Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.11-The-switch-Statement.md)
* [14.12 The while Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.12-The-while-Statements.md)
* [14.12.1 Abrupt Completion of while Statement 449
* [14.13 The do Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.13-The-do-Statement.md)
* [14.13.1 Abrupt Completion of do Statement 451
* [14.14 The for Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.14-The-for-statement.md)
* [14.14.1 The basic for Statement 452
* [14.14.2 The enhanced for statement 455
* [14.15 The break Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.15-The-break-Statement.md)
* [14.16 The continue Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.16-The-continue-Statement.md)
* [14.17 The return Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.17-The-return-Statement.md)
* [14.18 The throw Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.18-The-throw-Statement.md)
* [14.19 The synchronized Statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.19-The-synchronized-Statement.md)
* [14.20 The try statement](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.20-The-try-statement.md)
* [14.20.1 Execution of try-catch 470
* [14.20.2 Execution of try-finally and try-catch-finally 471
* [14.20.3 try-with-resources 473
* [14.21 Unreachable Statements](docs/14-Blocks-and-Statements/14.21-Unreachable-Statements.md)
* [15 Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15-Expressions.md)
* [15.1 Evaluation, Denotation, and Result](docs/15-Expressions/15.1-Evaluation-Denotation-and-Result.md)
* [15.2 Forms of Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.2-Forms-of-Expressions.md)
* [15.3 Type of an Expression](docs/15-Expressions/15.3-Type-of-an-Expression.md)
* [15.4 FP-strict Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.4-FP-strict-Expression.md)
* [15.5 Expressions and Run-Time Checks](docs/15-Expressions/15.5-Expressions-and-Run-Time-Checks.md)
* [15.6 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Evaluation](docs/15-Expressions/15.6-Normal-and-Abrupt-Completion-of-Evaluation.md)
* [15.7 Evaluation Order](docs/15-Expressions/15.7-Evaluation-Order.md)
* [15.7.1 Evaluate Left-Hand Operand First 494
* [15.7.2 Evaluate Operands before Operation 496
* [15.7.3 Evaluation Respects Parentheses and Precedence 497
* [15.7.4 Argument Lists are Evaluated Left-to-Right 498
* [15.7.5 Evaluation Order for Other Expressions 499
* [15.8 Primary Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.8-Primary-Expressions.md)
* [15.8.1 Lexical Literals 500
* [15.8.2 Class Literals 501
* [15.8.3 this 502
* [15.8.4 Qualified this 503
* [15.8.5 Parenthesized Expressions 503
* [15.9 Class Instance Creation Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.9-Class-Instance-Creation-Expressions.md)
* [15.9.1 Determining the Class being Instantiated 506
* [15.9.2 Determining Enclosing Instances 507
* [15.9.3 Choosing the Constructor and its Arguments 509
* [15.9.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Class Instance Creation
* [15.9.5 Anonymous Class Declarations 514
* [15.9.5.1 Anonymous Constructors 515
* [15.10 Array Creation and Access Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.10-Array-Creation-and-Access-Expressions.md)
* [15.10.1 Array Creation Expressions 516
* [15.10.2 Run-Time Evaluation of Array Creation Expressions 517
* [15.10.3 Array Access Expressions 521
* [15.10.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Array Access Expressions 521
* [15.11 Field Access Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.11-Field-Access-Expressions.md)
* [15.11.1 Field Access Using a Primary 524
* [15.11.2 Accessing Superclass Members using super 527
* [15.12 Method Invocation Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.12-Method-Invocation-Expressions.md)
* [15.12.1 Compile-Time Step 1: Determine Class or Interface to Search 530
* [15.12.2 Compile-Time Step 2: Determine Method Signature 532
* [15.12.3 Compile-Time Step 3: Is the Chosen Method Appropriate? 548
* [15.12.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Method Invocation 551
* [15.13 Method Reference Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.13-Method-Reference-Expressions.md)
* [15.13.1 Compile-Time Declaration of a Method Reference 564
* [15.13.2 Type of a Method Reference 569
* [15.13.3 Run-Time Evaluation of Method References 571
* [15.14 Postfix Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.14-Postfix-Expressions.md)
* [15.14.1 Expression Names 575
* [15.14.2 Postfix Increment Operator ++ 575
* [15.14.3 Postfix Decrement Operator -- 575
* [15.15 Unary Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.15-Unary-Operators.md)
* [15.15.1 Prefix Increment Operator ++ 578
* [15.15.2 Prefix Decrement Operator -- 578
* [15.15.3 Unary Plus Operator + 579
* [15.15.4 Unary Minus Operator - 579
* [15.15.5 Bitwise Complement Operator ~ 580
* [15.15.6 Logical Complement Operator ! 580
* [15.16 Cast Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.16-Cast-Expressions.md)
* [15.17 Multiplicative Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.17-Multiplicative-Operators.md)
* [15.17.1 Multiplication Operator * 583
* [15.17.2 Division Operator / 584
* [15.17.3 Remainder Operator % 585
* [15.18 Additive Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.18-Additive-Operators.md)
* [15.18.1 String Concatenation Operator + 588
* [15.18.2 Additive Operators (+ and -) for Numeric Types 591
* [15.19 Shift Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.19-Shift-Operators].md)
* [15.20 Relational Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.20-Relational-Operators.md)
* [15.20.1 Numerical Comparison Operators <, <=, >, and >= 594
* [15.20.2 Type Comparison Operator instanceof 596
* [15.21 Equality Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.21-Equality-Operators.md)
* [15.21.1 Numerical Equality Operators == and != 597
* [15.21.2 Boolean Equality Operators == and != 598
* [15.21.3 Reference Equality Operators == and != 599
* [15.22 Bitwise and Logical Operators 599
* [15.22.1 Integer Bitwise Operators &, ^, and | 600
* [15.22.2 Boolean Logical Operators &, ^, and | 601
* [15.23 Conditional-And Operator &&](docs/15-Expressions/15.23-Conditional-And-Operator.md)
* [15.24 Conditional-Or Operator ||](docs/15-Expressions/15.24-Conditional-Or-Operator.md)
* [15.25 Conditional Operator ? : ](docs/15-Expressions/15.25-Conditional-Operator.md)
* [15.25.1 Boolean Conditional Expressions 610
* [15.25.2 Numeric Conditional Expressions 610
* [15.25.3 Reference Conditional Expressions 611
* [15.26 Assignment Operators](docs/15-Expressions/15.26-Assignment-Operators.md)
* [15.26.1 Simple Assignment Operator = 613
* [15.26.2 Compound Assignment Operators 619
* [15.27 Lambda Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.27-Lambda-Expressions.md)
* [15.27.1 Lambda Parameters 627
* [15.27.2 Lambda Body 631
* [15.27.3 Type of a Lambda Expression 634
* [15.27.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Lambda Expressions 636
* [15.28 Constant Expressions](docs/15-Expressions/15.28-Constant-Expressions.md)
* [16 Definite Assignment](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16-Definite-Assignment.md)
* [16.1 Definite Assignment and Expressions](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.1-Definite-Assignment-and-Expressions.md)
* [16.1.1 Boolean Constant Expressions 645
* [16.1.2 Conditional-And Operator && 645
* [16.1.3 Conditional-Or Operator || 646
* [16.1.4 Logical Complement Operator ! 646
* [16.1.5 Conditional Operator ? : 646
* [16.1.6 Conditional Operator ? : 647
* [16.1.7 Other Expressions of Type boolean 647
* [16.1.8 Assignment Expressions 647
* [16.1.9 Operators ++ and -- 648
* [16.1.10 Other Expressions 648
* [16.2 Definite Assignment and Statements](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.2-Definite-Assignment-and-Statements.md)
* [16.2.1 Empty Statements 650
* [16.2.2 Blocks 650
* [16.2.3 Local Class Declaration Statements 651
* [16.2.4 Local Variable Declaration Statements 651
* [16.2.5 Labeled Statements 652
* [16.2.6 Expression Statements 652
* [16.2.7 if Statements 652
* [16.2.8 assert Statements 653
* [16.2.9 switch Statements 653
* [16.2.10 while Statements 654
* [16.2.11 do Statements 654
* [16.2.12 for Statements 654
* [16.2.12.1 Initialization Part of for Statement 655
* [16.2.12.2 Incrementation Part of for Statement 656
* [16.2.13 break, continue, return, and throw Statements 656
* [16.2.14 synchronized Statements 656
* [16.2.15 try Statements 657
* [16.3 Definite Assignment and Parameters](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.3-Definite-Assignment-and-Parameters.md)
* [16.4 Definite Assignment and Array Initializers](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.4-Definite-Assignment-and-Array-Initializers.md)
* [16.5 Definite Assignment and Enum Constants](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.5-Definite-Assignment-and-Enum-Constants.md)
* [16.6 Definite Assignment and Anonymous Classes](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.6-Definite-Assignment-and-Anonymous-Classes.md)
* [16.7 Definite Assignment and Member Types](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.7-Definite-Assignment-and-Member-Types.md)
* [16.8 Definite Assignment and Static Initializers](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.8-Definite-Assignment-and-Static-Initializers.md)
* [16.9 Definite Assignment, Constructors, and Instance Initializers](docs/16-Definite-Assignment/16.9-Definite-Assignment-Constructors-and-Instance-Initializers.md)
* [17 Threads and Locks](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17-Threads-and-Locks.md)
* [17.1 Synchronization](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.1-Synchronization.md)
* [17.2 Wait Sets and Notification](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.2-Wait-Sets-and-Notification.md)
* [17.2.1 Wait 665
* [17.2.2 Notification 666
* [17.2.3 Interruptions 667
* [17.2.4 Interactions of Waits, Notification, and Interruption 667
* [17.3 Sleep and Yield](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.3-Sleep-and-Yield.md)
* [17.4 Memory Model](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.4-Memory-Model.md)
* [17.4.1 Shared Variables 672
* [17.4.2 Actions 672
* [17.4.3 Programs and Program Order 673
* [17.4.4 Synchronization Order 674
* [17.4.5 Happens-before Order 675
* [17.4.6 Executions 678
* [17.4.7 Well-Formed Executions 679
* [17.4.8 Executions and Causality Requirements 679
* [17.4.9 Observable Behavior and Nonterminating Executions 682
* [17.5 final Field Semantics](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.5-final-Field-Semantics.md)
* [17.5.1 Semantics of final Fields 686
* [17.5.2 Reading final Fields During Construction 686
* [17.5.3 Subsequent Modification of final Fields 687
* [17.5.4 Write-Protected Fields 688
* [17.6 Word Tearing](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.6-Word-Tearing.md)
* [17.7 Non-Atomic Treatment of double and long](docs/17-Threads-and-Locks/17.7-Non-Atomic-Treatment-of-double-and-long.md)
* [18 Type Inference](docs/18-Type-Inference/18-Type-Inference.md)
* [18.1 Concepts and Notation](docs/18-Type-Inference/18.1-Concepts-and-Notation.md)
* [18.1.1 Inference Variables 692
* [18.1.2 Constraint Formulas 693
* [18.1.3 Bounds 693
* [18.2 Reduction](docs/18-Type-Inference/18.2-Reduction.md)
* [18.2.1 Expression Compatibility Constraints 695
* [18.2.2 Type Compatibility Constraints 700
* [18.2.3 Subtyping Constraints 701
* [18.2.4 Type Equality Constraints 702
* [18.2.5 Checked Exception Constraints 704
* [18.3 Incorporation](docs/18-Type-Inference/18.3-Incorporation.md)
* [18.3.1 Complementary Pairs of Bounds 707
* [18.3.2 Bounds Involving Capture Conversion 707
* [18.4 Resolution](docs/18-Type-Inference/18.4-Resolution.md)
* [18.5 Uses of Inference](docs/18-Type-Inference/18.5-Uses-of-Inference.md)
* [18.5.1 Invocation Applicability Inference 710
* [18.5.2 Invocation Type Inference 712
* [18.5.2.1 Poly Method Invocation Compatibility 712
* [18.5.2.2 Additional Argument Constraints 715
* [18.5.3 Functional Interface Parameterization Inference 719
* [18.5.4 More Specific Method Inference 720
* 19 Syntax
* To be continued ...未完待续...

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