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<article class="Vimdoc VimdocJa">
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<a class="Constant" href="usr_43.html" name="usr_43.txt">usr_43.txt</a> For <span class="Identifier">Vim version 8.0.</span> Last change: 2015 Oct 23<br>
<br>
VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar<br>
<br>
Using filetypes<br>
<br>
<br>
When you are editing a file of a certain type, for example a C program or a<br>
shell script, you often use the same option settings and mappings. You<br>
quickly get tired of manually setting these each time. This chapter explains<br>
how to do it automatically.<br>
<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_43.html#43.1">43.1</a> Plugins for a filetype<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_43.html#43.2">43.2</a> Adding a filetype<br>
<br>
Next chapter: <a class="Identifier" href="usr_44.html">usr_44.txt</a> Your own syntax highlighted<br>
Previous chapter: <a class="Identifier" href="usr_42.html">usr_42.txt</a> Add new menus<br>
Table of contents: <a class="Identifier" href="usr_toc.html">usr_toc.txt</a><br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_43.html#43.1" name="43.1">43.1</a> Plugins for a filetype <a class="Constant" href="usr_43.html#filetype-plugin" name="filetype-plugin">filetype-plugin</a><br>
<br>
How to start using filetype plugins has already been discussed here:<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_05.html#add-filetype-plugin">add-filetype-plugin</a>. But you probably are not satisfied with the default<br>
settings, because they have been kept minimal. Suppose that for C files you<br>
want to set the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'softtabstop'">'softtabstop'</a> option to 4 and define a mapping to insert a<br>
three-line comment. You do this with only two steps:<br>
<br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_43.html#your-runtime-dir" name="your-runtime-dir">your-runtime-dir</a><br>
1. Create your own runtime directory. On Unix this usually is "~/.vim". In<br>
this directory create the "ftplugin" directory:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> mkdir ~/.vim<br>
mkdir ~/.vim/ftplugin</div>
<br>
When you are not on Unix, check the value of the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a> option to<br>
see where Vim will look for the "ftplugin" directory:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> set runtimepath</div>
<br>
You would normally use the first directory name (before the first comma).<br>
You might want to prepend a directory name to the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a> option in<br>
your <a class="Identifier" href="starting.html#vimrc">vimrc</a> file if you don't like the default value.<br>
<br>
2. Create the file "~/.vim/ftplugin/c.vim", with the contents:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> setlocal softtabstop=4<br>
noremap <buffer> <LocalLeader>c o/**************<CR><CR>/<Esc><br>
let b:undo_ftplugin = "setl softtabstop< | unmap <buffer> <LocalLeader>c"</div>
<br>
Try editing a C file. You should notice that the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'softtabstop'">'softtabstop'</a> option is set<br>
to 4. But when you edit another file it's reset to the default zero. That is<br>
because the ":setlocal" command was used. This sets the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'softtabstop'">'softtabstop'</a> option<br>
only locally to the buffer. As soon as you edit another buffer, it will be<br>
set to the value set for that buffer. For a new buffer it will get the<br>
default value or the value from the last ":set" command.<br>
<br>
Likewise, the mapping for "\c" will disappear when editing another buffer.<br>
The ":map <span class="Special"><buffer></span>" command creates a mapping that is local to the current<br>
buffer. This works with any mapping command: ":map!", ":vmap", etc. The<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="map.html#<LocalLeader>"><LocalLeader></a> in the mapping is replaced with the value of the<br>
"maplocalleader" variable.<br>
<br>
The line to set b:undo_ftplugin is for when the filetype is set to another<br>
value. In that case you will want to undo your preferences. The<br>
b:undo_ftplugin variable is executed as a command. Watch out for characters<br>
with a special meaning inside a string, such as a backslash.<br>
<br>
You can find examples for filetype plugins in this directory:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> $VIMRUNTIME/ftplugin/</div>
<br>
More details about writing a filetype plugin can be found here:<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_41.html#write-plugin">write-plugin</a>.<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_43.html#43.2" name="43.2">43.2</a> Adding a filetype<br>
<br>
If you are using a type of file that is not recognized by Vim, this is how to<br>
get it recognized. You need a runtime directory of your own. See<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_43.html#your-runtime-dir">your-runtime-dir</a> above.<br>
<br>
Create a file "filetype.vim" which contains an autocommand for your filetype.<br>
(Autocommands were explained in section <a class="Identifier" href="usr_40.html#40.3">40.3</a>.) Example:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> augroup filetypedetect<br>
au BufNewFile,BufRead *.xyz setf xyz<br>
augroup END</div>
<br>
This will recognize all files that end in ".xyz" as the "xyz" filetype. The<br>
":augroup" commands put this autocommand in the "filetypedetect" group. This<br>
allows removing all autocommands for filetype detection when doing ":filetype<br>
off". The "setf" command will set the <a class="Type" href="options.html#'filetype'">'filetype'</a> option to its argument,<br>
unless it was set already. This will make sure that <a class="Type" href="options.html#'filetype'">'filetype'</a> isn't set<br>
twice.<br>
<br>
You can use many different patterns to match the name of your file. Directory<br>
names can also be included. See <a class="Identifier" href="autocmd.html#autocmd-patterns">autocmd-patterns</a>. For example, the files<br>
under "/usr/share/scripts/" are all "ruby" files, but don't have the expected<br>
file name extension. Adding this to the example above:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> augroup filetypedetect<br>
au BufNewFile,BufRead *.xyz setf xyz<br>
au BufNewFile,BufRead /usr/share/scripts/* setf ruby<br>
augroup END</div>
<br>
However, if you now edit a file /usr/share/scripts/README.txt, this is not a<br>
ruby file. The danger of a pattern ending in "*" is that it quickly matches<br>
too many files. To avoid trouble with this, put the filetype.vim file in<br>
another directory, one that is at the end of <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a>. For Unix for<br>
example, you could use "~/.vim/after/filetype.vim".<br>
You now put the detection of text files in ~/.vim/filetype.vim:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> augroup filetypedetect<br>
au BufNewFile,BufRead *.txt setf text<br>
augroup END</div>
<br>
That file is found in <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a> first. Then use this in<br>
~/.vim/after/filetype.vim, which is found last:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> augroup filetypedetect<br>
au BufNewFile,BufRead /usr/share/scripts/* setf ruby<br>
augroup END</div>
<br>
What will happen now is that Vim searches for "filetype.vim" files in each<br>
directory in <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a>. First ~/.vim/filetype.vim is found. The<br>
autocommand to catch *.txt files is defined there. Then Vim finds the<br>
filetype.vim file in $VIMRUNTIME, which is halfway <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a>. Finally<br>
~/.vim/after/filetype.vim is found and the autocommand for detecting ruby<br>
files in /usr/share/scripts is added.<br>
When you now edit /usr/share/scripts/README.txt, the autocommands are<br>
checked in the order in which they were defined. The *.txt pattern matches,<br>
thus "setf text" is executed to set the filetype to "text". The pattern for<br>
ruby matches too, and the "setf ruby" is executed. But since <a class="Type" href="options.html#'filetype'">'filetype'</a> was<br>
already set to "text", nothing happens here.<br>
When you edit the file /usr/share/scripts/foobar the same autocommands are<br>
checked. Only the one for ruby matches and "setf ruby" sets <a class="Type" href="options.html#'filetype'">'filetype'</a> to<br>
ruby.<br>
<br>
<br>
RECOGNIZING BY CONTENTS<br>
<br>
If your file cannot be recognized by its file name, you might be able to<br>
recognize it by its contents. For example, many script files start with a<br>
line like:<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">#!/bin/xyz</span><br>
<br>
To recognize this script create a file "scripts.vim" in your runtime directory<br>
(same place where filetype.vim goes). It might look like this:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample"> if did_filetype()<br>
finish<br>
endif<br>
if getline(1) =~ '^#!.*[/\\]xyz\>'<br>
setf xyz<br>
endif</div>
<br>
The first check with did_filetype() is to avoid that you will check the<br>
contents of files for which the filetype was already detected by the file<br>
name. That avoids wasting time on checking the file when the "setf" command<br>
won't do anything.<br>
The scripts.vim file is sourced by an autocommand in the default<br>
filetype.vim file. Therefore, the order of checks is:<br>
<br>
1. filetype.vim files before $VIMRUNTIME in <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a><br>
2. first part of $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim<br>
3. all scripts.vim files in <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a><br>
4. remainder of $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim<br>
5. filetype.vim files after $VIMRUNTIME in <a class="Type" href="options.html#'runtimepath'">'runtimepath'</a><br>
<br>
If this is not sufficient for you, add an autocommand that matches all files<br>
and sources a script or executes a function to check the contents of the file.<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<br>
Next chapter: <a class="Identifier" href="usr_44.html">usr_44.txt</a> Your own syntax highlighted<br>
<br>
Copyright: see <a class="Identifier" href="usr_01.html#manual-copyright">manual-copyright</a> vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:<br>
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