detailed-design-cursor.md · AICodeDesign/cursor-system-desigin

# 用户权限管理系统详细设计方案

## 目录

### 1. 系统架构
1.1 整体架构
1.2 技术栈选择
1.3 系统模块划分
1.4 部署架构

### 2. 数据库设计
2.1 RBAC相关表结构
   - Users表
   - Roles表
   - Permissions表
   - UserRoles表
   - RolePermissions表
2.2 ABAC相关表结构
   - Policies表
   - Attributes表
   - Resources表
2.3 数据库索引优化
2.4 数据库分表策略

### 3. 核心接口设计
3.1 用户认证接口
3.2 用户管理接口
3.3 角色管理接口
3.4 权限管理接口
3.5 策略管理接口
3.6 属性管理接口

### 4. 用户管理设计
4.1 用户身份认证
   - 多因素认证
   - 社交账号登录
   - SSO集成
4.2 用户信息管理
   - 用户档案
   - 组织关系
   - 用户偏好设置
4.3 用户生命周期
   - 状态管理
   - 账户注销
   - 账户恢复

### 5. RBAC详细设计
5.1 核心模型
   - 用户模型
   - 角色模型
   - 权限模型
5.2 角色继承
5.3 数据权限
5.4 权限验证流程
5.5 缓存策略
5.6 性能优化

### 6. ABAC详细设计
6.1 属性模型
   - 主体属性
   - 资源属性
   - 操作属性
   - 环境属性
6.2 策略定义
6.3 策略评估引擎
6.4 属性提供者
6.5 性能优化
6.6 审计日志

### 7. 安全设计
7.1 密码安全
   - 密码策略
   - 密码加密
   - 密码重置
7.2 访问控制
   - Session管理
   - Token安全
   - 访问控制列表
7.3 API安全
   - 请求限流
   - 请求验证
   - 安全响应头
7.4 数据安全
   - 敏感数据加密
   - 数据脱敏
   - 数据备份
7.5 安全审计
   - 安全日志
   - 安全监控
   - 异常检测

### 8. 权限策略管理
8.1 策略模板
8.2 策略冲突解决
8.3 策略优化
8.4 策略版本控制
8.5 策略导入导出

### 9. 监控和运维
9.1 性能监控
9.2 日志管理
9.3 告警机制
9.4 运维工具
9.5 灾备方案

### 10. 多语言实现
10.1 Java Spring实现
10.2 Python实现
10.3 Golang实现
10.4 Node.js/TypeScript实现
10.5 Kotlin实现
10.6 Scala实现
10.7 Groovy实现
10.8 Ruby on Rails实现

### 11. 系统集成
11.1 外部系统集成
11.2 API网关集成
11.3 消息队列集成
11.4 缓存系统集成
11.5 搜索引擎集成

### 12. 测试策略
12.1 单元测试
12.2 集成测试
12.3 性能测试
12.4 安全测试
12.5 自动化测试

### 13. 部署和扩展
13.1 部署策略
13.2 扩展方案
13.3 容器化部署
13.4 服务网格
13.5 多租户支持

### 14. 最佳实践和规范
14.1 编码规范
14.2 API设计规范
14.3 安全规范
14.4 测试规范
14.5 文档规范

## 1. 系统架构

### 1.1 整体架构

系统采用微服务架构，主要包含以下服务：

- 认证服务（Authentication Service）
- 用户管理服务（User Management Service）
- 权限管理服务（Permission Management Service）
- 策略管理服务（Policy Management Service）
- 审计日志服务（Audit Log Service）

### 1.2 技术栈选择

- 后端框架：Spring Cloud
- 数据库：MySQL 8.0
- 缓存：Redis
- 消息队列：RabbitMQ
- 服务注册与发现：Eureka
- API网关：Spring Cloud Gateway
- 容器化：Docker + Kubernetes

## 2. 数据库设计

### 2.1 RBAC相关表结构

#### Users表
```sql
CREATE TABLE users (
    id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    password VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    status ENUM('active', 'inactive', 'locked') NOT NULL,
    last_login_at TIMESTAMP,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
```

#### Roles表
```sql
CREATE TABLE roles (
    id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    description VARCHAR(200),
    status ENUM('active', 'inactive') NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
```

#### Permissions表
```sql
CREATE TABLE permissions (
    id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    code VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    resource_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    action VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    description VARCHAR(200),
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
```

## 5. RBAC详细设计

### 5.1 核心模型

#### 用户模型
```typescript
interface User {
    id: number;
    username: string;
    email: string;
    password: string;
    status: UserStatus;
    lastLoginAt?: Date;
    roles: Role[];
    permissions: Permission[];
    department?: string;
    position?: string;
    createdAt: Date;
    updatedAt: Date;
}
```

## 6. ABAC详细设计

### 6.1 属性模型

#### 主体属性
```typescript
interface SubjectAttributes {
    id: number;                           // 用户ID
    department: string;                   // 部门
    position: string;                     // 职位
    level: number;                        // 级别
    region: string;                       // 地区
    roles: string[];                      // 角色列表
    groups: string[];                     // 用户组
    clearanceLevel: number;               // 安全等级
    customAttributes: Record<string, any>; // 自定义属性
}
```

## 7. 安全设计

### 7.1 密码安全

#### 密码策略
```typescript
interface PasswordPolicyService {
    // 验证密码是否符合策略
    validatePassword(password: string): Promise<ValidationResult>;
    
    // 获取密码策略配置
    getPasswordPolicy(): Promise<PasswordPolicy>;
    
    // 更新密码策略
    updatePasswordPolicy(policy: PasswordPolicy): Promise<void>;
}
```

### 7.2 访问控制

#### Session管理
```typescript
interface SessionService {
    // 创建会话
    createSession(userId: number, context: SessionContext): Promise<Session>;
    
    // 验证会话
    validateSession(sessionId: string): Promise<boolean>;
    
    // 刷新会话
    refreshSession(sessionId: string): Promise<Session>;
    
    // 终止会话
    terminateSession(sessionId: string): Promise<void>;
    
    // 清理过期会话
    cleanupExpiredSessions(): Promise<void>;
}

interface SessionConfig {
    maxActiveSessions: number;     // 最大活跃会话数
    sessionTimeout: number;        // 会话超时时间(分钟)
    extendOnActivity: boolean;     // 活动时延长会话
    singleSessionPerUser: boolean; // 每用户单一会话
    trackDeviceInfo: boolean;      // 跟踪设备信息
    requireMFAForNewDevice: boolean; // 新设备要求MFA
}
```

#### Token安全
```typescript
interface TokenService {
    // 生成访问令牌
    generateAccessToken(payload: TokenPayload): Promise<string>;
    
    // 生成刷新令牌
    generateRefreshToken(userId: number): Promise<string>;
    
    // 验证令牌
    verifyToken(token: string): Promise<TokenPayload>;
    
    // 撤销令牌
    revokeToken(token: string): Promise<void>;
}

interface TokenConfig {
    accessToken: {
        algorithm: string;
        expiresIn: number;
        secret: string;
    };
    refreshToken: {
        expiresIn: number;
        rotationEnabled: boolean;
        maxRotationCount: number;
    };
}
```

### 7.3 API安全

#### 请求限流
```typescript
interface RateLimiter {
    // 检查是否允许请求
    isAllowed(key: string): Promise<boolean>;
    
    // 记录请求
    recordRequest(key: string): Promise<void>;
    
    // 获取限流配置
    getRateLimit(key: string): Promise<RateLimit>;
}

interface RateLimit {
    maxRequests: number;    // 最大请求数
    timeWindow: number;     // 时间窗口(秒)
    blockDuration: number;  // 阻止时长(秒)
}
```

### 7.4 数据安全

#### 敏感数据加密
```typescript
interface EncryptionService {
    // 加密数据
    encrypt(data: string, context?: EncryptionContext): Promise<string>;
    
    // 解密数据
    decrypt(encryptedData: string, context?: EncryptionContext): Promise<string>;
    
    // 生成加密密钥
    generateKey(): Promise<EncryptionKey>;
    
    // 轮换加密密钥
    rotateKey(oldKey: EncryptionKey, newKey: EncryptionKey): Promise<void>;
}

interface EncryptionConfig {
    algorithm: string;
    keySize: number;
    keyRotationInterval: number;
    useHardwareEncryption: boolean;
}
```

## 8. 权限策略管理

### 8.1 策略模板

```typescript
interface PolicyTemplate {
    id: string;
    name: string;
    description: string;
    type: PolicyType;
    template: string;
    parameters: PolicyParameter[];
    version: number;
    status: 'active' | 'inactive';
}

interface PolicyParameter {
    name: string;
    type: 'string' | 'number' | 'boolean' | 'array' | 'object';
    required: boolean;
    default?: any;
    validation?: RegExp | ((value: any) => boolean);
}
```

### 8.2 策略冲突解决

```typescript
interface ConflictResolutionService {
    // 检测策略冲突
    detectConflicts(policies: Policy[]): Promise<PolicyConflict[]>;
    
    // 解决策略冲突
    resolveConflicts(conflicts: PolicyConflict[]): Promise<Policy[]>;
    
    // 验��策略一致性
    validatePolicyConsistency(policies: Policy[]): Promise<ValidationResult>;
}

interface PolicyConflict {
    type: ConflictType;
    policies: Policy[];
    resources: string[];
    actions: string[];
    resolution?: ConflictResolution;
}

enum ConflictType {
    CONTRADICTORY = 'contradictory',     // 矛盾冲突
    REDUNDANT = 'redundant',             // 冗余
    SHADOWING = 'shadowing'              // 覆盖
}
```

### 8.3 策略优化

```typescript
interface PolicyOptimizationService {
    // 合并相似策略
    mergeSimilarPolicies(policies: Policy[]): Promise<Policy[]>;
    
    // 删除冗余策略
    removeRedundantPolicies(policies: Policy[]): Promise<Policy[]>;
    
    // 优化策略条件
    optimizeConditions(policy: Policy): Promise<Policy>;
    
    // 分析策略使用情况
    analyzePolicyUsage(policy: Policy): Promise<PolicyUsageStats>;
}

interface PolicyUsageStats {
    totalHits: number;
    lastUsed: Date;
    avgResponseTime: number;
    deniedCount: number;
    allowedCount: number;
}
```

## 9. 监控和运维

### 9.1 性能监控

```typescript
interface PerformanceMonitoring {
    // 记录性能指标
    recordMetrics(metrics: PerformanceMetrics): Promise<void>;
    
    // 获取性能报告
    getPerformanceReport(timeRange: DateRange): Promise<PerformanceReport>;
    
    // 设置性能告警
    setPerformanceAlert(alert: PerformanceAlert): Promise<void>;
}

interface PerformanceMetrics {
    requestLatency: number;
    throughput: number;
    errorRate: number;
    resourceUsage: {
        cpu: number;
        memory: number;
        disk: number;
    };
    cacheHitRate: number;
}
```

### 9.2 日志管理

```typescript
interface LogManagement {
    // 记录系统日志
    logSystemEvent(event: SystemEvent): Promise<void>;
    
    // 记录业务日志
    logBusinessEvent(event: BusinessEvent): Promise<void>;
    
    // 记录安全日志
    logSecurityEvent(event: SecurityEvent): Promise<void>;
    
    // 查询日志
    queryLogs(query: LogQuery): Promise<LogEntry[]>;
    
    // 导出日志
    exportLogs(query: LogQuery, format: ExportFormat): Promise<string>;
}

interface LogQuery {
    startTime: Date;
    endTime: Date;
    level?: LogLevel;
    type?: LogType[];
    source?: string[];
    user?: string;
    limit?: number;
    offset?: number;
}

enum LogLevel {
    DEBUG = 'debug',
    INFO = 'info',
    WARN = 'warn',
    ERROR = 'error',
    FATAL = 'fatal'
}
```

### 9.3 告警机制

```typescript
interface AlertSystem {
    // ���建告警规则
    createAlertRule(rule: AlertRule): Promise<void>;
    
    // 触发告警
    triggerAlert(alert: Alert): Promise<void>;
    
    // 处理告警
    handleAlert(alertId: string, handler: string, action: AlertAction): Promise<void>;
    
    // 获取告警统计
    getAlertStats(timeRange: DateRange): Promise<AlertStats>;
}

interface AlertRule {
    id: string;
    name: string;
    condition: AlertCondition;
    severity: AlertSeverity;
    notificationChannels: NotificationChannel[];
    cooldown: number; // 冷却时间(分钟)
    enabled: boolean;
}

enum AlertSeverity {
    LOW = 'low',
    MEDIUM = 'medium',
    HIGH = 'high',
    CRITICAL = 'critical'
}
```

## 10. 多语言实现

### 10.1 Java Spring实现

### 10.2 Python实现

### 10.3 Golang实现

```go
// 用户模型
type User struct {
    ID        uint64    `json:"id"`
    Username  string    `json:"username"`
    Email     string    `json:"email"`
    Password  string    `json:"-"`
    Status    string    `json:"status"`
    Roles     []Role    `json:"roles"`
    CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
    UpdatedAt time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
}

// RBAC服务
type RBACService struct {
    userRepo       repository.UserRepository
    roleRepo       repository.RoleRepository
    permissionRepo repository.PermissionRepository
    cache         cache.Cache
}

func NewRBACService(
    userRepo repository.UserRepository,
    roleRepo repository.RoleRepository,
    permissionRepo repository.PermissionRepository,
    cache cache.Cache,
) *RBACService {
    return &RBACService{
        userRepo:       userRepo,
        roleRepo:       roleRepo,
        permissionRepo: permissionRepo,
        cache:         cache,
    }
}

func (s *RBACService) GetUserPermissions(ctx context.Context, userID uint64) ([]Permission, error) {
    // 尝试从缓存获取
    if permissions, found := s.cache.Get(fmt.Sprintf("permissions:%d", userID)); found {
        return permissions.([]Permission), nil
    }

user, err := s.userRepo.FindByID(ctx, userID)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("find user: %w", err)
    }

var permissions []Permission
    for _, role := range user.Roles {
        permissions = append(permissions, role.Permissions...)
    }

// 存入缓存
    s.cache.Set(fmt.Sprintf("permissions:%d", userID), permissions, time.Minute*30)
    return permissions, nil
}

// ABAC服务
type ABACService struct {
    policyEvaluator PolicyEvaluator
    attrProvider    AttributeProvider
}

func (s *ABACService) CheckAccess(ctx context.Context, request AccessRequest) (bool, error) {
    subject, err := s.attrProvider.GetSubjectAttributes(ctx, request.SubjectID)
    if err != nil {
        return false, fmt.Errorf("get subject attributes: %w", err)
    }

resource, err := s.attrProvider.GetResourceAttributes(ctx, request.ResourceID)
    if err != nil {
        return false, fmt.Errorf("get resource attributes: %w", err)
    }

action, err := s.attrProvider.GetActionAttributes(ctx, request.Action)
    if err != nil {
        return false, fmt.Errorf("get action attributes: %w", err)
    }

env := s.attrProvider.GetEnvironmentAttributes(ctx)

return s.policyEvaluator.Evaluate(ctx, subject, resource, action, env)
}
```

### 10.4 Kotlin实现

```kotlin
@Service
class RBACService @Autowired constructor(
    private val userRepository: UserRepository,
    private val roleRepository: RoleRepository,
    private val permissionRepository: PermissionRepository,
    private val cacheManager: CacheManager
) {
    @Cacheable("permissions")
    suspend fun getUserPermissions(userId: Long): Set<Permission> = coroutineScope {
        val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
            ?: throw UserNotFoundException(userId)
            
        user.roles.flatMap { it.permissions }.toSet()
    }
    
    @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")
    suspend fun assignRole(userId: Long, roleId: Long) = coroutineScope {
        val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
            ?: throw UserNotFoundException(userId)
            
        val role = roleRepository.findById(roleId)
            ?: throw RoleNotFoundException(roleId)
            
        user.roles += role
        userRepository.save(user)
    }
}

@Service
class ABACService @Autowired constructor(
    private val policyEvaluator: PolicyEvaluator,
    private val attributeProvider: AttributeProvider
) {
    suspend fun checkAccess(request: AccessRequest): Boolean = coroutineScope {
        val subject = attributeProvider.getSubjectAttributes(request.subjectId)
        val resource = attributeProvider.getResourceAttributes(request.resourceId)
        val action = attributeProvider.getActionAttributes(request.action)
        val environment = attributeProvider.getEnvironmentAttributes()
        
        policyEvaluator.evaluate(
            subject = subject,
            resource = resource,
            action = action,
            environment = environment
        )
    }
}

// 数据类
@Entity
data class User(
    @Id @GeneratedValue
    val id: Long = 0,
    
    @Column(unique = true)
    val username: String,
    
    @Column(unique = true)
    val email: String,
    
    @JsonIgnore
    val password: String,
    
    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
    var status: UserStatus,
    
    @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    val roles: MutableSet<Role> = mutableSetOf(),
    
    val createdAt: LocalDateTime = LocalDateTime.now(),
    
    var updatedAt: LocalDateTime = LocalDateTime.now()
)
```

### 10.5 Node.js/TypeScript实现

```typescript
// RBAC实现
@Injectable()
export class RBACService {
    constructor(
        @InjectRepository(User)
        private readonly userRepo: Repository<User>,
        @InjectRepository(Role)
        private readonly roleRepo: Repository<Role>,
        @InjectRepository(Permission)
        private readonly permissionRepo: Repository<Permission>,
        private readonly cacheManager: Cache
    ) {}

@Cacheable('permissions')
    async getUserPermissions(userId: number): Promise<Permission[]> {
        const user = await this.userRepo.findOne({
            where: { id: userId },
            relations: ['roles', 'roles.permissions']
        });

if (!user) {
            throw new UserNotFoundException(userId);
        }

return user.roles.flatMap(role => role.permissions);
    }

@Transactional()
    async assignRole(userId: number, roleId: number): Promise<void> {
        const [user, role] = await Promise.all([
            this.userRepo.findOne({ where: { id: userId } }),
            this.roleRepo.findOne({ where: { id: roleId } })
        ]);

if (!user || !role) {
            throw new EntityNotFoundException();
        }

user.roles.push(role);
        await this.userRepo.save(user);
        await this.cacheManager.del(`permissions:${userId}`);
    }
}

// ABAC实现
@Injectable()
export class ABACService {
    constructor(
        private readonly policyEvaluator: PolicyEvaluator,
        private readonly attributeProvider: AttributeProvider
    ) {}

async checkAccess(request: AccessRequest): Promise<boolean> {
        const [subject, resource, action, environment] = await Promise.all([
            this.attributeProvider.getSubjectAttributes(request.subjectId),
            this.attributeProvider.getResourceAttributes(request.resourceId),
            this.attributeProvider.getActionAttributes(request.action),
            this.attributeProvider.getEnvironmentAttributes()
        ]);

return this.policyEvaluator.evaluate({
            subject,
            resource,
            action,
            environment
        });
    }
}

// 实体定义
@Entity()
export class User {
    @PrimaryGeneratedColumn()
    id: number;

@Column({ unique: true })
    username: string;

@Column({ unique: true })
    email: string;

@Column()
    @Exclude()
    password: string;

@Column({
        type: 'enum',
        enum: UserStatus,
        default: UserStatus.ACTIVE
    })
    status: UserStatus;

@ManyToMany(() => Role, { eager: true })
    @JoinTable()
    roles: Role[];

@CreateDateColumn()
    createdAt: Date;

@UpdateDateColumn()
    updatedAt: Date;
}
```

### 10.6 Scala实现

### 10.7 Groovy实现

### 10.8 Ruby on Rails实现

## 11. 系统集成

### 11.1 外部系统集成

#### SSO集成
```typescript
interface SSOIntegration {
    // OAuth2.0配置
    oauth2Config: {
        providers: {
            google: OAuth2ProviderConfig;
            github: OAuth2ProviderConfig;
            microsoft: OAuth2ProviderConfig;
        };
        callbacks: {
            onSuccess(token: OAuth2Token): Promise<void>;
            onFailure(error: OAuth2Error): Promise<void>;
        };
    };

// SAML2.0配置
    samlConfig: {
        identityProviders: SAMLProviderConfig[];
        serviceProvider: {
            entityId: string;
            assertionConsumerService: string;
            privateKey: string;
            certificate: string;
        };
    };
}

interface OAuth2ProviderConfig {
    clientId: string;
    clientSecret: string;
    authorizeEndpoint: string;
    tokenEndpoint: string;
    userInfoEndpoint: string;
    scope: string[];
    responseType: 'code' | 'token';
}
```

#### LDAP集成
```typescript
interface LDAPIntegration {
    // LDAP连接配置
    connection: {
        url: string;
        bindDN: string;
        bindCredentials: string;
        searchBase: string;
        searchFilter: string;
    };

// 用户同步
    userSync: {
        schedule: string; // cron表达式
        mapping: {
            username: string;
            email: string;
            groups: string;
            attributes: Record<string, string>;
        };
        onSync(stats: SyncStats): Promise<void>;
    };
}
```

### 11.2 API网关集成

```typescript
interface APIGatewayIntegration {
    // 路由配置
    routes: {
        [path: string]: {
            service: string;
            methods: HttpMethod[];
            auth: AuthConfig;
            rateLimit: RateLimitConfig;
            transform: TransformConfig;
        };
    };

// 服务发现
    serviceDiscovery: {
        type: 'eureka' | 'consul' | 'kubernetes';
        config: ServiceDiscoveryConfig;
        healthCheck: HealthCheckConfig;
    };

// 限流配置
    rateLimiting: {
        global: RateLimitConfig;
        perService: Record<string, RateLimitConfig>;
        perUser: RateLimitConfig;
    };

// 监控指标
    metrics: {
        collectors: MetricCollector[];
        exporters: MetricExporter[];
        alerts: AlertConfig[];
    };
}
```

### 11.3 消息队列集成

```typescript
interface MessageQueueIntegration {
    // RabbitMQ配置
    rabbitmq: {
        connection: {
            hosts: string[];
            username: string;
            password: string;
            vhost: string;
        };
        exchanges: {
            [name: string]: {
                type: 'direct' | 'fanout' | 'topic';
                durable: boolean;
                autoDelete: boolean;
            };
        };
        queues: {
            [name: string]: {
                durable: boolean;
                deadLetter: string;
                maxLength: number;
                maxPriority: number;
            };
        };
    };

// Kafka配置
    kafka: {
        brokers: string[];
        producers: {
            [name: string]: KafkaProducerConfig;
        };
        consumers: {
            [name: string]: KafkaConsumerConfig;
        };
        topics: {
            [name: string]: TopicConfig;
        };
    };
}
```

### 11.4 缓存系统集成

```typescript
interface CacheIntegration {
    // Redis配置
    redis: {
        cluster: {
            nodes: string[];
            options: RedisClusterOptions;
        };
        standalone: {
            host: string;
            port: number;
            options: RedisOptions;
        };
    };

// 缓存策略
    caching: {
        // 多级缓存
        layers: {
            l1: {
                type: 'memory';
                size: number;
                ttl: number;
            };
            l2: {
                type: 'redis';
                ttl: number;
            };
        };

// 缓存键生成
        keyGenerator: {
            prefix: string;
            separator: string;
            hashFunction: 'md5' | 'sha1';
        };

// 失效策略
        invalidation: {
            strategy: 'lru' | 'lfu' | 'fifo';
            maxSize: number;
            evictionPolicy: EvictionPolicy;
        };
    };
}
```

## 12. 测试策略

### 12.1 单元测试

```typescript
interface UnitTestStrategy {
    // 用户服务测试
    userServiceTests: {
        testUserCreation(): void;
        testUserAuthentication(): void;
        testPasswordReset(): void;
        testUserDeactivation(): void;
    };
    
    // 权限服务测试
    permissionServiceTests: {
        testPermissionGrant(): void;
        testPermissionRevoke(): void;
        testPermissionValidation(): void;
        testRoleAssignment(): void;
    };
    
    // 策略服务测试
    policyServiceTests: {
        testPolicyCreation(): void;
        testPolicyEvaluation(): void;
        testPolicyConflictDetection(): void;
        testPolicyOptimization(): void;
    };
}
```

### 12.2 集成测试

```typescript
interface IntegrationTestStrategy {
    // API集成测试
    apiIntegrationTests: {
        testAuthenticationFlow(): void;
        testAuthorizationFlow(): void;
        testUserManagementFlow(): void;
    };
    
    // 服务集成测试
    serviceIntegrationTests: {
        testServiceCommunication(): void;
        testDataConsistency(): void;
        testCacheSync(): void;
    };
    
    // 外部系统集成测试
    externalSystemTests: {
        testSSOIntegration(): void;
        testLDAPSync(): void;
        testAuditLogExport(): void;
    };
}
```

### 12.3 性能测试

```typescript
interface PerformanceTestStrategy {
    // 负载测试
    loadTests: {
        testConcurrentUsers(userCount: number): Promise<LoadTestResult>;
        testThroughput(requestsPerSecond: number): Promise<LoadTestResult>;
        testResponseTime(scenarios: TestScenario[]): Promise<LoadTestResult>;
    };
    
    // 压力测试
    stressTests: {
        testSystemLimits(): Promise<StressTestResult>;
        testResourceUtilization(): Promise<ResourceStats>;
        testErrorHandling(): Promise<ErrorStats>;
    };
    
    // 耐久测试
    enduranceTests: {
        testLongRunning(duration: Duration): Promise<EnduranceTestResult>;
        testMemoryLeaks(): Promise<MemoryStats>;
        testResourceDegradation(): Promise<DegradationStats>;
    };
}
```

## 13. 部署和扩展

### 13.1 部署策略

```typescript
interface DeploymentStrategy {
    // 环境配置
    environments: {
        development: EnvironmentConfig;
        staging: EnvironmentConfig;
        production: EnvironmentConfig;
    };
    
    // 部署流程
    deploymentPipeline: {
        build(): Promise<BuildResult>;
        test(): Promise<TestResult>;
        deploy(environment: Environment): Promise<DeployResult>;
        rollback(version: string): Promise<RollbackResult>;
    };
    
    // 监控和告警
    monitoring: {
        healthChecks: HealthCheck[];
        metrics: MetricConfig[];
        alerts: AlertConfig[];
    };
}

interface EnvironmentConfig {
    name: string;
    region: string;
    scale: {
        minInstances: number;
        maxInstances: number;
        targetCPUUtilization: number;
    };
    networking: {
        loadBalancer: LoadBalancerConfig;
        serviceDiscovery: ServiceDiscoveryConfig;
        security: SecurityConfig;
    };
}
```

### 13.2 扩展方案

```typescript
interface ScalingStrategy {
    // 自动扩展
    autoScaling: {
        horizontal: HorizontalScalingConfig;
        vertical: VerticalScalingConfig;
        rules: ScalingRule[];
    };
    
    // 数据分片
    sharding: {
        strategy: ShardingStrategy;
        configuration: ShardingConfig;
        rebalancing: RebalancingConfig;
    };
    
    // 缓存策略
    caching: {
        layers: CacheLayer[];
        invalidation: InvalidationStrategy;
        warming: CacheWarmingConfig;
    };
}

interface ScalingRule {
    metric: string;
    threshold: number;
    action: ScalingAction;
    cooldown: number;
}
```

## 14. 最佳实践和规范

### 14.1 编码规范

#### 命名规范
```typescript
// 1. 类名使用 PascalCase
class UserService {}
class RoleManager {}

// 2. 接口名使用 PascalCase，可以使用 I 前缀
interface IUserRepository {}
interface IPermissionService {}

// 3. 方法名使用 camelCase，动词开头
async function getUserPermissions() {}
async function validateAccessToken() {}

// 4. 常量使用全大写，下划线分隔
const MAX_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS = 3;
const DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT = 1800;

// 5. 变量名使用 camelCase，有意义的描述性名称
const userPermissions = [];
const activeSession = null;
```

#### 错误处理
```typescript
// 1. 自定义错误类
class AuthenticationError extends Error {
    constructor(message: string, public code: string) {
        super(message);
        this.name = 'AuthenticationError';
    }
}

// 2. 异步错误处理
async function authenticate(credentials: Credentials) {
    try {
        const user = await userService.validate(credentials);
        const token = await tokenService.generate(user);
        return token;
    } catch (error) {
        if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
            throw new AuthenticationError('Invalid credentials', 'AUTH001');
        }
        throw error;
    }
}

// 3. 错误日志记录
function logError(error: Error, context: any) {
    logger.error({
        message: error.message,
        stack: error.stack,
        context,
        timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
}
```

### 14.2 API设计规范

#### RESTful API设计
```typescript
// 1. 资源命名
const apiEndpoints = {
    users: '/api/v1/users',
    roles: '/api/v1/roles',
    permissions: '/api/v1/permissions',
    policies: '/api/v1/policies'
};

// 2. HTTP方法使用
interface UserController {
    // GET /users
    async listUsers(): Promise<User[]>;
    
    // GET /users/:id
    async getUser(id: string): Promise<User>;
    
    // POST /users
    async createUser(data: CreateUserDTO): Promise<User>;
    
    // PUT /users/:id
    async updateUser(id: string, data: UpdateUserDTO): Promise<User>;
    
    // DELETE /users/:id
    async deleteUser(id: string): Promise<void>;
}

// 3. 状态码使用
const httpStatus = {
    OK: 200,
    CREATED: 201,
    NO_CONTENT: 204,
    BAD_REQUEST: 400,
    UNAUTHORIZED: 401,
    FORBIDDEN: 403,
    NOT_FOUND: 404,
    INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR: 500
};
```

### 14.3 安全规范

#### 密码安全
```typescript
// 1. 密码哈希
async function hashPassword(password: string): Promise<string> {
    const salt = await bcrypt.genSalt(12);
    return bcrypt.hash(password, salt);
}

// 2. 密码验证
async function verifyPassword(password: string, hash: string): Promise<boolean> {
    return bcrypt.compare(password, hash);
}

// 3. 密码策略验证
function validatePasswordStrength(password: string): ValidationResult {
    const rules = [
        {
            test: (p: string) => p.length >= 8,
            message: 'Password must be at least 8 characters'
        },
        {
            test: (p: string) => /[A-Z]/.test(p),
            message: 'Password must contain uppercase letters'
        },
        {
            test: (p: string) => /[a-z]/.test(p),
            message: 'Password must contain lowercase letters'
        },
        {
            test: (p: string) => /[0-9]/.test(p),
            message: 'Password must contain numbers'
        },
        {
            test: (p: string) => /[^A-Za-z0-9]/.test(p),
            message: 'Password must contain special characters'
        }
    ];

const failures = rules
        .filter(rule => !rule.test(password))
        .map(rule => rule.message);

return {
        valid: failures.length === 0,
        errors: failures
    };
}
```

### 14.4 测试规范

#### 单元测试规范
```typescript
// 1. 测试文件命名
// user.service.ts -> user.service.spec.ts
// role.controller.ts -> role.controller.spec.ts

// 2. 测试套件组织
describe('UserService', () => {
    let service: UserService;
    let userRepo: MockType<Repository<User>>;

beforeEach(async () => {
        const module = await Test.createTestingModule({
            providers: [
                UserService,
                {
                    provide: getRepositoryToken(User),
                    useFactory: repositoryMockFactory
                }
            ]
        }).compile();

service = module.get(UserService);
        userRepo = module.get(getRepositoryToken(User));
    });

// 3. 测试用例组织
    describe('createUser', () => {
        it('should create a new user successfully', async () => {
            const userData = {
                username: 'testuser',
                email: 'test@example.com',
                password: 'password123'
            };

const savedUser = { ...userData, id: 1 };
            userRepo.save.mockResolvedValue(savedUser);

const result = await service.createUser(userData);
            expect(result).toEqual(savedUser);
            expect(userRepo.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith(userData);
        });

it('should throw error when username already exists', async () => {
            userRepo.findOne.mockResolvedValue({ id: 1 });
            
            await expect(service.createUser({
                username: 'existing',
                email: 'test@example.com',
                password: 'password123'
            })).rejects.toThrow(UserAlreadyExistsException);
        });
    });
});
```

#### 集成测试规范
```typescript
// 1. 测试环境设置
const initTestEnvironment = async () => {
    const app = await createTestingModule({
        imports: [
            TypeOrmModule.forRoot(testDbConfig),
            AuthModule,
            UserModule
        ]
    });

return app.createNestApplication();
};

// 2. API测试
describe('AuthController (e2e)', () => {
    let app: INestApplication;
    let userRepo: Repository<User>;

beforeAll(async () => {
        app = await initTestEnvironment();
        userRepo = app.get(getRepositoryToken(User));
    });

afterAll(async () => {
        await app.close();
    });

describe('POST /auth/login', () => {
        it('should authenticate user and return token', async () => {
            // 准备测试数据
            const user = await userRepo.save({
                username: 'testuser',
                password: await hash('password123'),
                email: 'test@example.com'
            });

// 执行测试
            const response = await request(app.getHttpServer())
                .post('/auth/login')
                .send({
                    username: 'testuser',
                    password: 'password123'
                });

// 验证结果
            expect(response.status).toBe(200);
            expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('accessToken');
            expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('refreshToken');
        });
    });
});
```

#### 性能测试规范
```typescript
// 1. 负载测试配置
const loadTestConfig = {
    scenarios: {
        constant_load: {
            executor: 'constant-arrival-rate',
            rate: 100,
            timeUnit: '1s',
            duration: '1m',
            preAllocatedVUs: 100
        }
    },
    thresholds: {
        http_req_duration: ['p(95)<500'],
        http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01']
    }
};

// 2. 性能测试用例
export default function() {
    const BASE_URL = 'http://localhost:3000';

group('User API Performance', () => {
        // 测试用户认证性能
        const loginRes = http.post(`${BASE_URL}/auth/login`, {
            username: 'testuser',
            password: 'password123'
        });
        check(loginRes, {
            'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200,
            'login time OK': (r) => r.timings.duration < 500
        });

// 测试权限检查性能
        const token = loginRes.json('accessToken');
        const checkRes = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/permissions/check`, {
            headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }
        });
        check(checkRes, {
            'permission check successful': (r) => r.status === 200,
            'check time OK': (r) => r.timings.duration < 100
        });
    });
}
```

### 14.5 文档规范

#### API文档规范
```typescript
// 使用OpenAPI (Swagger)规范
@ApiTags('Users')
@Controller('users')
export class UserController {
    @ApiOperation({ summary: '创建新用户' })
    @ApiResponse({ status: 201, description: '用户创建成功', type: UserDTO })
    @ApiResponse({ status: 400, description: '无效的请求数据' })
    @Post()
    async createUser(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDTO): Promise<UserDTO> {
        // 实现
    }

@ApiOperation({ summary: '获取用户信息' })
    @ApiParam({ name: 'id', description: '用户ID' })
    @ApiResponse({ status: 200, description: '成功获取用户信息', type: UserDTO })
    @ApiResponse({ status: 404, description: '用户不存在' })
    @Get(':id')
    async getUser(@Param('id') id: string): Promise<UserDTO> {
        // 实现
    }
}

// DTO定义
export class CreateUserDTO {
    @ApiProperty({ example: 'johndoe' })
    @IsString()
    @MinLength(3)
    username: string;

@ApiProperty({ example: 'john@example.com' })
    @IsEmail()
    email: string;

@ApiProperty({ example: 'password123' })
    @IsString()
    @MinLength(8)
    password: string;
}
```

[... continue with more sections ...]

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