linux-fullhistory 标签

v1.2.0

8610c92

1995-03-07 02:00

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v2.0.0

a374953

1996-06-09 01:00

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v2.2.0

2.2.0-final

Original tag content:
tree d9feb3d0517d76a38693b9663e9ef77d120d67ad
parent 0db042de9810fbc794a547d6d25716b95be13a4e
author linus1 <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 916941600 -0600
committer Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 1195849085 -0500

2.2.0-final

Hoya,
 there's now a 2.2.0-pre9 on ftp.kernel.org, and when you compile it it
will call itself 2.2.0-final. The reason is fairly obvious: enough is
enough, and I can't make pre-kernels forever, it just dilutes the whole
idea. The only reason the tar-file is not called 2.2.0 is that I want to
avoid having any embarrassing typos that cause it to not compile under
reasonable configurations or something like that. Unreasonable
configurations I no longer care about.

Every program has bugs, and I'm sure there are still bugs in this. Get
over it - we've done our best, and nobody ever believed that there
wouldn't be 2.2.x kernels to fix problems as they come up, and delaying
2.2.0 forever is not an option.

I have a wedding anniversary and a company party coming up, so I'm taking
a few days off - when I get back I expect to take this current 2.2.0-final
and just remove the "-final" from the Makefile, and that will be it. I
suspect somebody _will_ find something embarrassing enough that I would
fix it too, but let's basically avoid planning on that.
In short, before you post a bug-report about 2.2.0-final, I'd like you to
have the following simple guidelines:
 "Is this something Linus would be embarrassed enough about that he would
  wear a brown paper bag over his head for a month?"
and
 "Is this something that normal people would ever really care deeply
  about?"

If the answer to either question is "probably not", then please consider
just politely discussing it as a curiosity on the kernel mailing lists
rather than even sending email about it to me: I've been too busy the last
few weeks, and I'd really appreciate it if I could just forget the worries
of a release for a few days..

But if you find something hilariously stupid I did, feel free to share it
with me, and we'll laugh about it together (and I'll avoid wearing the
brown paper bag on my head during the month of February). Do we have a
deal?

I've seen people working on a 2.2.0 announcement, and I'm happy - I've
been too busy to think straight, much less worry about details like that.
If everything turns out ok, I'll have a few memorable bloopers in my
mailbox but nothing worse than that, and I can sit down and actually read
the announcement texts that people have been discussing.

ObFeatures:
 - m68k sync
 - various minor driver fixes (irda, net drivers, scsi, video, isdn)
 - SGI Visual Workstation support
 - adjtimex update to the latest standards
 - vfat silly buglet fix
 - semaphores work on alpha again
 - drop the inline strstr() that gcc got wrong whatever we did
 - kswapd needed to be a bit more aggressive
 - minor TCP retransmission and delack fixes
Until Monday,
                        Linus

bf330b5

1999-01-22 02:00

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v2.4.0

13a80df

2001-01-05 02:00

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v2.6.0

4e9b4bc

2003-12-17 18:56

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v0.0.1

Linux-0.01 (September 17, 1991)

Original tag content:
tree 7ae3e06d404805b6e7867894ac3a8355c559fc1a
author linus1 <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 685126800 -0600
committer Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 1195848538 -0500

Linux-0.01 (September 17, 1991)

This is the initial 0.01 kernel as found on various history sites.

Fun facts:

- kernel/Makefile still calls it the FREAX kernel

- this was in a more innocent age, when the only copyright notice
   is a single "(C) 1991 Linus Torvalds" in lib/string.h

- the keyboard driver was still in all assembly language, with a
   hardcoded map for (7-bit) Finnish keyboards. At least I had converted
   the VT100 emulation from assembly to C. Too bad I didn't keep the
   _really_ old code around for historical interest.

- All the early kernels wanted a special version of gcc to compile: I
   had made extensions to gcc-1.40 to make it use the x86 string
   instructions for things like "memcpy()" using the "-mstring-insns"
   command line option.

- Also, note that newer versions of gcc (which do have the inline
   intrisics, quite independently of my early -mstring-insns hack) will
   not accept the code: it needs a compiler that outputs old-style a.out
   format, and that accepts some of the strange inline assembly that I
   used.

- In short: you really need some stone-age tools to actually compile
   this, if you actually want to.  And if you actually want to _run_ it
   too, you need to have some old hardware and most likely edit some of
   the hardcoded numbers too.  The harddisk driver has two different
   hardcoded settings: my harddisk, and Lasu's harddisk.

Statistics:

It's 88 files with about ten thousand lines, written by yours truly
except for the vsprintf routine which was co-written with Lars
Wirzenius.  Lasu wasn't as huge a fan of inline assembly as I was, thus
the comment

"Wirzenius wrote this portably, Torvalds fucked it up :-)"

I think that comment pretty much sums it up ;)

Original release notes for 0.01 follow:

Notes for linux release 0.01

0. Contents of this directory

linux-0.01.tar.Z - sources to the kernel
bash.Z - compressed bash binary if you want to test it
update.Z - compressed update binary
RELNOTES-0.01 - this file

1. Short intro

This is a free minix-like kernel for i386(+) based AT-machines.  Full
source is included, and this source has been used to produce a running
kernel on two different machines.  Currently there are no kernel
binaries for public viewing, as they have to be recompiled for different
machines.  You need to compile it with gcc (I use 1.40, don't know if
1.37.1 will handle all __asm__-directives), after having changed the
relevant configuration file(s).

As the version number (0.01) suggests this is not a mature product.
Currently only a subset of AT-hardware is supported (hard-disk, screen,
keyboard and serial lines), and some of the system calls are not yet
fully implemented (notably mount/umount aren't even implemented).  See
comments or readme's in the code.

This version is also meant mostly for reading - ie if you are interested
in how the system looks like currently.  It will compile and produce a
working kernel, and though I will help in any way I can to get it
working on your machine (mail me), it isn't really supported.  Changes
are frequent, and the first "production" version will probably differ
wildly from this pre-alpha-release.

Hardware needed for running linux:
        - 386 AT
        - VGA/EGA screen
        - AT-type harddisk controller (IDE is fine)
        - Finnish keyboard (oh, you can use a US keyboard, but not
          without some practise :-)

The Finnish keyboard is hard-wired, and as I don't have a US one I
cannot change it without major problems. See kernel/keyboard.s for
details. If anybody is willing to make an even partial port, I'd be
grateful. Shouldn't be too hard, as it's tabledriven (it's assembler
though, so ...)

Although linux is a complete kernel, and uses no code from minix or
other sources, almost none of the support routines have yet been coded.
Thus you currently need minix to bootstrap the system. It might be
possible to use the free minix demo-disk to make a filesystem and run
linux without having minix, but I don't know...

2. Copyrights etc

This kernel is (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds, but all or part of it may be
redistributed provided you do the following:

- Full source must be available (and free), if not with the
          distribution then at least on asking for it.

- Copyright notices must be intact. (In fact, if you distribute
          only parts of it you may have to add copyrights, as there aren't
          (C)'s in all files.) Small partial excerpts may be copied
          without bothering with copyrights.

- You may not distibute this for a fee, not even "handling"
          costs.

Mail me at "torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi" if you have any questions.

Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you
need a shell, compilers, a library etc. These are separate parts and may
be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used
with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools
aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.

3. Short technical overview of the kernel.

The linux kernel has been made under minix, and it was my original idea
to make it binary compatible with minix. That was dropped, as the
differences got bigger, but the system still resembles minix a great
deal. Some of the key points are:

- Efficient use of the possibilities offered by the 386 chip.
          Minix was written on a 8088, and later ported to other
          machines - linux takes full advantage of the 386 (which is
          nice if you /have/ a 386, but makes porting very difficult)

- No message passing, this is a more traditional approach to
          unix. System calls are just that - calls. This might or might
          not be faster, but it does mean we can dispense with some of
          the problems with messages (message queues etc). Of course, we
          also miss the nice features :-p.

- Multithreaded FS - a direct consequence of not using messages.
          This makes the filesystem a bit (a lot) more complicated, but
          much nicer. Coupled with a better scheduler, this means that
          you can actually run several processes concurrently without
          the performance hit induced by minix.

- Minimal task switching. This too is a consequence of not using
          messages. We task switch only when we really want to switch
          tasks - unlike minix which task-switches whatever you do. This
          means we can more easily implement 387 support (indeed this is
          already mostly implemented)

- Interrupts aren't hidden. Some people (among them Tanenbaum)
          think interrupts are ugly and should be hidden. Not so IMHO.
          Due to practical reasons interrupts must be mainly handled by
          machine code, which is a pity, but they are a part of the code
          like everything else. Especially device drivers are mostly
          interrupt routines - see kernel/hd.c etc.

- There is no distinction between kernel/fs/mm, and they are all
          linked into the same heap of code. This has it's good sides as
          well as bad. The code isn't as modular as the minix code, but
          on the other hand some things are simpler. The different parts
          of the kernel are under different sub-directories in the
          source tree, but when running everything happens in the same
          data/code space.

The guiding line when implementing linux was: get it working fast. I
wanted the kernel simple, yet powerful enough to run most unix software.
The file system I couldn't do much about - it needed to be minix
compatible for practical reasons, and the minix filesystem was simple
enough as it was. The kernel and mm could be simplified, though:

- Just one data structure for tasks. "Real" unices have task
          information in several places, I wanted everything in one
          place.

- A very simple memory management algorithm, using both the
          paging and segmentation capabilities of the i386. Currently
          MM is just two files - memory.c and page.s, just a couple of
          hundreds of lines of code.

These decisions seem to have worked out well - bugs were easy to spot,
and things work.

4. The "kernel proper"

All the routines handling tasks are in the subdirectory "kernel". These
include things like 'fork' and 'exit' as well as scheduling and minor
system calls like 'getpid' etc. Here are also the handlers for most
exceptions and traps (not page faults, they are in mm), and all
low-level device drivers (get_hd_block, tty_write etc). Currently all
faults lead to a exit with error code 11 (Segmentation fault), and the
system seems to be relatively stable ("crashme" hasn't - yet).

5. Memory management

This is the simplest of all parts, and should need only little changes.
It contains entry-points for some things that the rest of the kernel
needs, but mostly copes on it's own, handling page faults as they
happen. Indeed, the rest of the kernel usually doesn't actively allocate
pages, and just writes into user space, letting mm handle any possible
'page-not-present' errors.

Memory is dealt with in two completely different ways - by paging and
segmentation.  First the 386 VM-space (4GB) is divided into a number of
segments (currently 64 segments of 64Mb each), the first of which is the
kernel memory segment, with the complete physical memory identity-mapped
into it.  All kernel functions live within this area.

Tasks are then given one segment each, to use as they wish. The paging
mechanism sees to filling the segment with the appropriate pages,
keeping track of any duplicate copies (created at a 'fork'), and making
copies on any write. The rest of the system doesn't need to know about
all this.

6. The file system

As already mentioned, the linux FS is the same as in minix. This makes
crosscompiling from minix easy, and means you can mount a linux
partition from minix (or the other way around as soon as I implement
mount :-). This is only on the logical level though - the actual
routines are very different.

NOTE! Minix-1.6.16 seems to have a new FS, with minor
        modifications to the 1.5.10 I've been using. Linux
        won't understand the new system.

The main difference is in the fact that minix has a single-threaded
file-system and linux hasn't. Implementing a single-threaded FS is much
easier as you don't need to worry about other processes allocating
buffer blocks etc while you do something else. It also means that you
lose some of the multiprocessing so important to unix.

There are a number of problems (deadlocks/raceconditions) that the linux
kernel needed to address due to multi-threading.  One way to inhibit
race-conditions is to lock everything you need, but as this can lead to
unnecessary blocking I decided never to lock any data structures (unless
actually reading or writing to a physical device).  This has the nice
property that dead-locks cannot happen.

Sadly it has the not so nice property that race-conditions can happen
almost everywhere.  These are handled by double-checking allocations etc
(see fs/buffer.c and fs/inode.c).  Not letting the kernel schedule a
task while it is in supervisor mode (standard unix practise), means that
all kernel/fs/mm actions are atomic (not counting interrupts, and we are
careful when writing those) if you don't call 'sleep', so that is one of
the things we can count on.

7. Apologies :-)

This isn't yet the "mother of all operating systems", and anyone who
hoped for that will have to wait for the first real release (1.0), and
even then you might not want to change from minix.  This is a source
release for those that are interested in seeing what linux looks like,
and it's not really supported yet.  Anyone with questions or suggestions
(even bug-reports if you decide to get it working on your system) is
encouraged to mail me.

8. Getting it working

Most hardware dependancies will have to be compiled into the system, and
there a number of defines in the file "include/linux/config.h" that you
have to change to get a personalized kernel.  Also you must uncomment
the right "equ" in the file boot/boot.s, telling the bootup-routine what
kind of device your A-floppy is.  After that a simple "make" should make
the file "Image", which you can copy to a floppy (cp Image /dev/PS0 is
what I use with a 1.44Mb floppy).  That's it.

Without any programs to run, though, the kernel cannot do anything. You
should find binaries for 'update' and 'bash' at the same place you found
this, which will have to be put into the '/bin' directory on the
specified root-device (specified in config.h). Bash must be found under
the name '/bin/sh', as that's what the kernel currently executes. Happy
hacking.

Linus Torvalds "torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi"
         Petersgatan 2 A 2
         00140 Helsingfors 14
         FINLAND

cff5a6f

1991-09-18 01:00

下载

v1.0.0

Linux 1.0

Original tag content:
tree 5a6a8e09fc8cba9c7110f475616ad04668176b56
parent 66800ba02e726e6cd217e56f00d95ac4a72ab861
author linus1 <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 763495200 -0600
committer Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linuxfoundation.org> 1195848564 -0500

Linux 1.0

CHANGES since 0.99 patchlevel 15:

- removed all the bugs, of course.
- networking fixes.
- more changes than I really wanted..

[original announcement below]

Linux 1.0---A better UNIX than Windows NT

Summary: Linux 1.0 released
Keywords: Linux Kernel 1.0 Academy Awards
X-Moderator-Added-Keywords: universe, end of

Finally, here it is.  Almost on time (being just two years late is
peanuts in the OS industry), and better than ever:

Linux kernel release 1.0

This release has no new major features compared to the pl15 kernels, but
contains lots and lots of bugfixes: all the major ones are gone, the
smaller ones are hidden better.  Hopefully there are no major new ones.

The Linux kernel can be found as source on most of the Linux ftp-sites
under the names

linux-1.0.tar.gz		(full source)
	linux-1.0.patch.pl15.gz		(patch against linux-0.99pl15)
	linux-1.0.patch.alpha.gz	(patch from linux-pre-1.0)

it should be available at least at the sites

ftp.funet.fi:
		pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus	(now)
	sunsite.unc.ed:
		pub/Linux/Incoming		(now)
		pub/Linux/kernel		(soon)
	tsx-11.mit.edu:
		pub/linux/sources/system	(soon)
	ftp.cs.helsinki.fi:
		pub/Software/Linux/Kernel	(now)

This release finally moves Linux out of Beta status and is meant as a
base for distributions to build on.  It will neither change Linux'
status as FreeWare under the GPL, nor will it mean the end of
development on Linux.  In fact many new features where held back for
later releases so that 1.0 could become a well tested and hopefully
stable release.

The Linux kernel wouldn't be where it is today without the help of lots
of people: the kernel developers, the people who did user-level programs
making linux useful, and the brave and foolhardy people who risked their
harddisks and sanity to test it all out.  My thanks to you all.
(Editorial note: if you think this sounds too much like the Academy
Awards ceremony, just skip this: it's not getting any better.)

Thanks to people like Aaron Kushner, Danny ter Haar and the authors of
the AnwenderHandbuch (and others) who have helped me with hardware or
monetary donations (and to the Oxford Beer Trolls and others who took
care of the drinkware).  And thanks to Dirk, who helped me write this
announcement despite my lazyness ("hey, it's just another release, who
needs an announcement anyway?").

To make a long and boring story a bit shorter and boring, here is at
least a partial list of people who have been helping make Linux what it
is today.  Thanks to you all,

Krishna Balasubramanian <balasub@cis.ohio-state.edu>
	Arindam Banerji <axb@cse.nd.edu>
	Peter Bauer <100136.3530@compuserve.com>
	Fred Baumgarten <dc6iq@insu1.etec.uni-karlsruhe.de>
	Donald Becker <becker@super.org>
	Stephen R. van den Berg <berg@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>
	Hennus Bergman <hennus@sky.nl.mugnet.org>
	Ross Biro <bir7@leland.Stanford.Edu>
	Bill Bogstad <bogstad@cs.jhu.edu>
	John Boyd <boyd@cis.ohio-state.edu>
	Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
	Remy Card <Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr>
	Ed Carp <ecarp@netcom.com>
	Raymond Chen <raymondc@microsoft.com>
	Alan Cox <iiitac@pyr.swan.ac.uk>
	Laurence Culhane <loz@holmes.demon.co.uk>
	Wayne Davison <davison@borland.com>
	Thomas Dunbar <tdunbar@vtaix.cc.vt.edu>
	Torsten Duwe <Torsten.Duwe@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
	Drew Eckhardt <drew@cs.Colorado.EDU>
	Bjorn Ekwall <bj0rn@blox.se>
	Doug Evans <dje@cygnus.com>
	Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
	Juergen Fischer <fischer@server.et-inf.fho-emden.de>
	Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@sw.oz.au>
	Ralf Flaxa <rfflaxa@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
	Nigel Gamble <nigel%gamble.uucp@gate.net>
	Philip Gladstone <philipg@onsett.com>
	Bruno Haible <haible@ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de>
	Andrew Haylett <ajh@gec-mrc.co.uk>
	Dirk Hohndel <hohndel@informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de>
	Nick Holloway <alfie@dcs.warwick.ac.uk>
	Ron Holt <ron@novell.com>
	Rob W. W. Hooft <hooft@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE>
	Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@sunsite.unc.edu>
	Fred N. van Kempen <waltje@uwalt.nl.mugnet.org>
	Olaf Kirch <okir@monad.swb.de>
	Ian Kluft <ikluft@thunder.sbay.org>
	Rudolf Koenig <rfkoenig@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
	Bas Laarhoven <bas@vimec.nl>
	Warner Losh <imp@boulder.parcplace.com>
	H.J. Lu <hjl@nynexst.com>
	Tuomas J. Lukka <Tuomas.Lukka@Helsinki.FI>
	Kai M"akisara <Kai.Makisara@vtt.fi>
	Pat Mackinlay <pat@it.com.au>
	John A. Martin <jmartin@csc.com>
	Bradley McLean <brad@bradpc.gaylord.com>
	Craig Metz <cmetz@tjhsst.edu>
	William (Bill) Metzenthen <billm@vaxc.cc.monash.edu.au>
	Rick Miller <rick@discus.mil.wi.us>
	Corey Minyard <minyard@wf-rch.cirr.com>
	Eberhard Moenkeberg <emoenke@gwdg.de>
	Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@shell.portal.com>
	Johan Myreen <jem@vipunen.hut.fi>
	Stefan Probst <snprobst@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
	Daniel Quinlan <quinlan@bucknell.edu>
	Florian La Roche <rzsfl@rz.uni-sb.de>
	Robert Sanders <gt8134b@prism.gatech.edu>
	Peter De Schrijver <stud11@cc4.kuleuven.ac.be>
	Darren Senn <sinster@scintilla.santa-clara.ca.us>
	Chris Smith <csmith@convex.com>
	Drew Sullivan <drew@lethe.north.net>
	Tommy Thorn <Tommy.Thorn@daimi.aau.dk>
	Jon Tombs <jon@gtex02.us.es>
	Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
	Simmule Turner <simmy@digex.com>
	Stephen Tweedie <sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk>
	Thomas Uhl <uhl@sun1.rz.fh-heilbronn.de>
	Juergen Weigert <jnweiger@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
	Matt Welsh <mdw@sunsite.unc.edu>
	Marco van Wieringen <mvw@mercury.mcs.nl.mugnet.org>
	Stephen D. Williams <sdw@lig.net>
	G\"unter Windau <gunter@mbfys.kun.nl>
	Lars Wirzenius <lars.wirzenius@helsinki.fi>
	Roger E. Wolff <wolff@dutecai.et.tudelft.nl>
	Frank Xia <qx@math.columbia.edu>
	Eric Youngdale <eric@tantalus.nrl.navy.mil>
	Orest Zborowski <orestz@microsoft.com>

A more detailed list with contact and description information can be
found in the CREDITS file that accompanies the kernel sources.

a068026

1994-03-13 02:00

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v4.15

d8a5b80

2018-01-29 05:20

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v4.15-rc9

0c5b9b5

2018-01-22 05:51

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