Testing Neutron

Overview

Neutron relies on unit, functional, fullstack and API tests to ensure its quality, as described below. In addition to in-tree testing, Tempest is responsible for validating Neutron's integration with other OpenStack components via scenario tests, and Rally is responsible for benchmarking.

Unit Tests

Unit tests (neutron/test/unit/) are meant to cover as much code as possible. They are designed to test the various pieces of the Neutron tree to make sure any new changes don't break existing functionality. Unit tests have no requirements nor make changes to the system they are running on. They use an in-memory sqlite database to test DB interaction.

Functional Tests

Functional tests (neutron/tests/functional/) are intended to validate actual system interaction. Mocks should be used sparingly, if at all. Care should be taken to ensure that existing system resources are not modified and that resources created in tests are properly cleaned up both on test success and failure.

Fullstack Tests

Why?

The idea behind "fullstack" testing is to fill a gap between unit + functional tests and Tempest. Tempest tests are expensive to run, and target black box API tests exclusively. Tempest requires an OpenStack deployment to be run against, which can be difficult to configure and setup. Full stack testing addresses these issues by taking care of the deployment itself, according to the topology that the test requires. Developers further benefit from full stack testing as it can sufficiently simulate a real environment and provide a rapidly reproducible way to verify code while you're still writing it.

How?

Full stack tests set up their own Neutron processes (Server & agents). They assume a working Rabbit and MySQL server before the run starts. Instructions on how to run fullstack tests on a VM are available below.

Each test defines its own topology (What and how many servers and agents should be running).

Since the test runs on the machine itself, full stack testing enables "white box" testing. This means that you can, for example, create a router through the API and then assert that a namespace was created for it.

Full stack tests run in the Neutron tree with Neutron resources alone. You may use the Neutron API (The Neutron server is set to NOAUTH so that Keystone is out of the picture). VMs may be simulated with a container-like class: neutron.tests.fullstack.resources.machine.FakeFullstackMachine. An example of its usage may be found at: neutron/tests/fullstack/test_connectivity.py.

Full stack testing can simulate multi node testing by starting an agent multiple times. Specifically, each node would have its own copy of the OVS/DHCP/L3 agents, all configured with the same "host" value. Each OVS agent is connected to its own pair of br-int/br-ex, and those bridges are then interconnected.

Segmentation at the database layer is guaranteed by creating a database per test. The messaging layer achieves segmentation by utilizing a RabbitMQ feature called 'vhosts'. In short, just like a MySQL server serve multiple databases, so can a RabbitMQ server serve multiple messaging domains. Exchanges and queues in one 'vhost' are segmented from those in another 'vhost'.

When?

1. You'd like to test the interaction between Neutron components (Server and agents) and have already tested each component in isolation via unit or functional tests. You should have many unit tests, fewer tests to test a component and even fewer to test their interaction. Edge cases should not be tested with full stack testing.
2. You'd like to increase coverage by testing features that require multi node testing such as l2pop, L3 HA and DVR.
3. You'd like to test agent restarts. We've found bugs in the OVS, DHCP and L3 agents and haven't found an effective way to test these scenarios. Full stack testing can help here as the full stack infrastructure can restart an agent during the test.

Example

Neutron offers a Quality of Service API, initially offering bandwidth capping at the port level. In the reference implementation, it does this by utilizing an OVS feature. neutron.tests.fullstack.test_qos.TestQoSWithOvsAgent.test_qos_policy_rule_lifecycle is a positive example of how the fullstack testing infrastructure should be used. It creates a network, subnet, QoS policy & rule and a port utilizing that policy. It then asserts that the expected bandwidth limitation is present on the OVS bridge connected to that port. The test is a true integration test, in the sense that it invokes the API and then asserts that Neutron interacted with the hypervisor appropriately.

API Tests

API tests (neutron/tests/api/) are intended to ensure the function and stability of the Neutron API. As much as possible, changes to this path should not be made at the same time as changes to the code to limit the potential for introducing backwards-incompatible changes, although the same patch that introduces a new API should include an API test.

Since API tests target a deployed Neutron daemon that is not test-managed, they should not depend on controlling the runtime configuration of the target daemon. API tests should be black-box - no assumptions should be made about implementation. Only the contract defined by Neutron's REST API should be validated, and all interaction with the daemon should be via a REST client.

neutron/tests/api was copied from the Tempest project. The Tempest networking API directory was frozen and any new tests belong to the Neutron repository.

Development Process

It is expected that any new changes that are proposed for merge come with tests for that feature or code area. Ideally any bugs fixes that are submitted also have tests to prove that they stay fixed! In addition, before proposing for merge, all of the current tests should be passing.

Structure of the Unit Test Tree

The structure of the unit test tree should match the structure of the code tree, e.g.

- target module: neutron.agent.utils

- test module: neutron.tests.unit.agent.test_utils

Unit test modules should have the same path under neutron/tests/unit/ as the module they target has under neutron/, and their name should be the name of the target module prefixed by test_. This requirement is intended to make it easier for developers to find the unit tests for a given module.

Similarly, when a test module targets a package, that module's name should be the name of the package prefixed by test_ with the same path as when a test targets a module, e.g.

- target package: neutron.ipam

- test module: neutron.tests.unit.test_ipam

The following command can be used to validate whether the unit test tree is structured according to the above requirements:

./tools/check_unit_test_structure.sh

Where appropriate, exceptions can be added to the above script. If code is not part of the Neutron namespace, for example, it's probably reasonable to exclude their unit tests from the check.

Running Tests

There are three mechanisms for running tests: run_tests.sh, tox, and nose2. Before submitting a patch for review you should always ensure all test pass; a tox run is triggered by the jenkins gate executed on gerrit for each patch pushed for review.

With these mechanisms you can either run the tests in the standard environment or create a virtual environment to run them in.

By default after running all of the tests, any pep8 errors found in the tree will be reported.

With run_tests.sh

You can use the run_tests.sh script in the root source directory to execute tests in a virtualenv:

./run_tests -V

With nose2

You can use nose2 to run individual tests, as well as use for debugging portions of your code:

source .venv/bin/activate
pip install nose2
nose2

There are disadvantages to running nose2 - the tests are run sequentially, so race condition bugs will not be triggered, and the full test suite will take significantly longer than tox & testr. The upside is that testr has some rough edges when it comes to diagnosing errors and failures, and there is no easy way to set a breakpoint in the Neutron code, and enter an interactive debugging session while using testr.

Note that nose2's predecessor, nose, does not understand load_tests protocol introduced in Python 2.7. This limitation will result in errors being reported for modules that depend on load_tests (usually due to use of testscenarios). nose, therefore, is not supported, while nose2 is.

With tox

Neutron, like other OpenStack projects, uses tox for managing the virtual environments for running test cases. It uses Testr for managing the running of the test cases.

Tox handles the creation of a series of virtualenvs that target specific versions of Python.

Testr handles the parallel execution of series of test cases as well as the tracking of long-running tests and other things.

For more information on the standard Tox-based test infrastructure used by OpenStack and how to do some common test/debugging procedures with Testr, see this wiki page:

https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Testr

PEP8 and Unit Tests

Running pep8 and unit tests is as easy as executing this in the root directory of the Neutron source code:

tox

To run only pep8:

tox -e pep8

Since pep8 includes running pylint on all files, it can take quite some time to run. To restrict the pylint check to only the files altered by the latest patch changes:

tox -e pep8 HEAD~1

To run only the unit tests:

tox -e py27

Functional Tests

To run functional tests that do not require sudo privileges or specific-system dependencies:

tox -e functional

To run all the functional tests, including those requiring sudo privileges and system-specific dependencies, the procedure defined by tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh should be followed.

IMPORTANT: configure_for_func_testing.sh relies on DevStack to perform extensive modification to the underlying host. Execution of the script requires sudo privileges and it is recommended that the following commands be invoked only on a clean and disposeable VM. A VM that has had DevStack previously installed on it is also fine.

git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack ../devstack
./tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh ../devstack -i
tox -e dsvm-functional

The '-i' option is optional and instructs the script to use DevStack to install and configure all of Neutron's package dependencies. It is not necessary to provide this option if DevStack has already been used to deploy Neutron to the target host.

Fullstack Tests

To run all the full-stack tests, you may use:

tox -e dsvm-fullstack

Since full-stack tests often require the same resources and dependencies as the functional tests, using the configuration script tools/configure_for_func_testing.sh is advised (As described above). When running full-stack tests on a clean VM for the first time, we advise to run ./stack.sh successfully to make sure all Neutron's dependencies are met. Full-stack based Neutron daemons produce logs to a sub-folder in /tmp/dsvm-fullstack-logs (for example, a test named "test_example" will produce logs to /tmp/dsvm-fullstack-logs/test_example/), so that will be a good place to look if your test is failing. Fullstack test suite assumes 240.0.0.0/4 (Class E) range in root namespace of the test machine is available for its usage.

API Tests

To run the api tests, deploy Tempest and Neutron with DevStack and then run the following command:

tox -e api

If tempest.conf cannot be found at the default location used by DevStack (/opt/stack/tempest/etc) it may be necessary to set TEMPEST_CONFIG_DIR before invoking tox:

export TEMPEST_CONFIG_DIR=[path to dir containing tempest.conf]
tox -e api

Running Individual Tests

For running individual test modules, cases or tests, you just need to pass the dot-separated path you want as an argument to it.

For example, the following would run only a single test or test case:

$ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager
$ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase
$ ./run_tests.sh neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase.test_service_plugin_is_loaded

or:

$ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager
$ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase
$ tox -e py27 neutron.tests.unit.test_manager.NeutronManagerTestCase.test_service_plugin_is_loaded

Coverage

Neutron has a fast growing code base and there are plenty of areas that need better coverage.

To get a grasp of the areas where tests are needed, you can check current unit tests coverage by running:

$ ./run_tests.sh -c

or by running:

$ tox -ecover

Since the coverage command can only show unit test coverage, a coverage document is maintained that shows test coverage per area of code in: doc/source/devref/testing_coverage.rst. You could also rely on Zuul logs, that are generated post-merge (not every project builds coverage results). To access them, do the following:

• Check out the latest merge commit
• Go to: http://logs.openstack.org/<first-2-digits-of-sha1>/<sha1>/post/neutron-coverage/.
• Spec is a work in progress to provide a better landing page.

Debugging

By default, calls to pdb.set_trace() will be ignored when tests are run. For pdb statements to work, invoke run_tests as follows:

$ ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

It's possible to debug tests in a tox environment:

$ tox -e venv -- python -m testtools.run [test module path]

Tox-created virtual environments (venv's) can also be activated after a tox run and reused for debugging:

$ tox -e venv
$ . .tox/venv/bin/activate
$ python -m testtools.run [test module path]

Tox packages and installs the Neutron source tree in a given venv on every invocation, but if modifications need to be made between invocation (e.g. adding more pdb statements), it is recommended that the source tree be installed in the venv in editable mode:

# run this only after activating the venv
$ pip install --editable .

Editable mode ensures that changes made to the source tree are automatically reflected in the venv, and that such changes are not overwritten during the next tox run.

Post-mortem Debugging

Setting OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER in the shell environment will ensure that the debugger .post_mortem() method will be invoked on test failure:

$ OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER=pdb ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

Supported debuggers are pdb, and pudb. Pudb is full-screen, console-based visual debugger for Python which let you inspect variables, the stack, and breakpoints in a very visual way, keeping a high degree of compatibility with pdb:

$ ./.venv/bin/pip install pudb

$ OS_POST_MORTEM_DEBUGGER=pudb ./run_tests.sh -d [test module path]

References

[1]	PUDB debugger: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pudb